A Neural Network Model for Human Workload Simulation in Complex Human-Machine System

In Software engineering software metrics play wide and deeper scope. Many projects fail because of risks in software engineering development[1]t. Among various risk factors creeping is also one factor. The paper discusses approximate volume of creeping requirements that occur after the completion of the nominal requirements phase. This is using software size measured in function points at four different levels. The major risk factors are depending both directly and indirectly associated with software size of development. Hence It is possible to predict risk due to creeping cause using size.

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Estimating nitrogen contents of apple leaves based on hyperspectral parameter models at different phenophases

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v6i2.5377 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 942-952

Author(s):

Xicun ZHU ◽

Zhuoyuan WANG ◽

Lulu GAO ◽

Gengxing ZHAO ◽

Ling WANG

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Network Model ◽

Neural Network Model ◽

Bp Neural Network ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Hyperspectral Data ◽

Estimation Model ◽

Apple Leaves ◽

Bp Neural Network Model ◽

Nitrogen Contents

The objective of the paper is to explore the best phenophase for estimating the nitrogen contents of apple leaves, to establish the best estimation model of the hyperspectral data at different phenophases. It is to improve the apple trees precise fertilization and production management. The experiments were done in 20 orchards in the field, measured hyperspectral data and nitrogen contents of apple leaves at three phenophases in two years, which were shoot growth phenophase, spring shoots pause growth phenophase, autumn shoots pause growth phenophase. The study analyzed the nitrogen contents of apple leaves with its original spectral and first derivative, screened sensitive wavelengths of each phenophase. The hyperspectral parameters were built with the sensitive wavelengths. Multiple stepwise regressions, partial least squares and BP neural network model were adopted in the study. The results showed that 551 nm, 716 nm, 530 nm, 703 nm; 543 nm, 705 nm, 699 nm, 756 nm and 545 nm, 702 nm, 695 nm, 746 nm were sensitive wavelengths of three phenophases. R551+R716, R551*R716, FDR530+FDR703, FDR530*FDR703; R543+R705, R543*R705, FDR699+FDR756, FDR699*FDR756and R545+R702, R545*R702, FDR695+FDR746, FDR695*FDR746 were the best hyperspectral parameters of each phenophase. Of all the estimation models, the estimated effect of shoot growth phenophase was better than other two phenophases, so shoot growth phenophase was the best phenophase to estimate the nitrogen contents of apple leaves based on hyperspectral models. In the three models, the 4-3-1 BP neural network model of shoot growth phenophase was the best estimation model. The R2 of estimated value and measured value was 0.6307, RE% was 23.37, RMSE was 0.6274.

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