Management of Bottom Sediments Containing Toxic Substances: Proceedings of the U.S./Japan Experts Meeting (9th) Held at Jacksonville, Florida on 17-19 October 1983

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Patin
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
The U.S

REGULATING RISK: OVERSIGHT OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY UNDER THE U.S. TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

1999 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 329-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA A. EFROYMSON
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act ◽  
Risk Oversight ◽  
The U.S

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is the legislation used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate releases of genetically engineered microorganisms. The rule defining the scope of the notification requirements for releases of microbial products of biotechnology was published in April 1997. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had some latitude regarding the extent to which various categories of microorganisms would be regulated, but the agency was constrained by requirements of TSCA and an interagency agreement about how to regulate products of biotechnology. This paper investigates the extent to which the scope of oversight is based on risk. A risk-based rule is defined as one where the reporting requirements are based on potential for exposure or expected adverse effects. The evolution of the rule is described, and risk-based components are discussed. In conclusion, the scope of oversight of microbial releases is determined to be based on risk to the extent that legislation and institutional constraints permit.

scholarly journals The Influence of Bottom Sediments and Inoculation with Rhizobacterial Inoculants on the Physiological State of Plants Used in Urban Plantings

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wyrwicka ◽  
Urbaniak ◽  
Siebielec ◽  
Siebielec ◽  
Chojak-Koźniewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Tagetes Patula

Bottom sediments accumulate rapidly in urban reservoirs and should be periodically removed. Their high organic matter content makes them valuable fertilizers, but they often contain toxic substances. The present study compares the responses of the dicotyledonous Tagetes patula and monocotyledon Festuca arundinacea to the presence of such sediments in soil and to soil inoculation with two rhizobacterial strains (Massilia niastensis p87 and Streptomyces costaricanus RP92) isolated from contaminated soil. Total soluble protein, total chlorophyll content, as well as chlorophyll a/b ratio, degree of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), α-tocopherol content, total phenolic compounds (TPC) content and anthocyanins content were examined in the leaves of investigated plants. T. patula was more sensitive to the toxic substances in the sediments than F. arundinacea. Rhizobacterial inoculation reduced the toxic effect of the sediment. RP92 has a more favorable effect on the condition of T. patula than p87. F. arundinacea was not adversely affected by the addition of sediments or inoculation with the p87 or RP92 strains. Both tested plant species are suitable for planting on soils enriched with urban sediments, and the addition of bacterial inoculums promote plant growth and reduce the damage caused by the xenobiotics contained in the sediments.

U.S. Chemical Program: Purpose, Challenges, and Evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odelia Funke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act ◽  
Chemical Testing ◽  
The U.S

This article explores long-term issues and problems that have seriously undermined the U.S. Chemical Testing Program established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act. This program is meant to gather information needed to protect human health and the environment from damaging exposure to toxic chemicals. Despite seemingly broad and impressive authority under the statute, there are a number of inherent difficulties, as well as substantial political constraints, that impede comprehensive oversight of chemicals in U.S. commerce. The article discusses several approaches that EPA has adopted to overcome statutory and political limitations and increase chemical testing information. The most recent and promising of these efforts has involved international negotiations to harmonize testing approaches with OECD nations and to cooperate on an agenda that will better share the testing burden on an international level.

Chemicals Policy in the United States—The Need for New Directions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel A. Tickner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Consumer Product Safety ◽  
Chemicals Policy ◽  
The U.S

The system for regulating toxic substances in the United States is broken. It is disjointed and reactionary, lacking in information, authority, and primary prevention. The case study of bisphenol A (BPA) demonstrates a myriad of limitations with the way we evaluate, regulate, and manage toxic substances in society. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the current U.S. system for regulating toxic chemicals and to identify limits in that approach with particular emphasis on BPA. It provides an overview of some of the drivers shaping new approaches to chemicals regulation and management and a framework for designing more precautionary and solutions-stimulating policies in the future. The U.S. system for regulating toxic chemicals in production systems and products is relatively complex. Different types of chemicals are regulated in various ways in the U.S. system, depending on how that chemical is being used. For example, cosmetics, chemicals used in food applications, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act, and each of these types of chemical applications is regulated differently under the Act. For chemicals used in cosmetic products, the FDA has no premarket authority and can regulate a chemical ingredient only if it is mis­branded or adulterates the product. In the case of new food contact substances and uses of them (indirect food additives including chemicals that might leach out of packaging such as bottles), manufacturers are required to submit notifications, including safety data, to the FDA, except when a substance is previously regulated or considered “generally recognized as safe” because earlier evidence on that material did not indicate concerns. At the FDA, the highest evidentiary burdens are for medical devices and pharmaceuticals that have strong premarket testing requirements to ensure safety and efficacy. Chemicals in many consumer products, such as toys, are regulated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) under the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act.

Chemicals and Hazardous Substances

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Eu

This chapter looks at American and European policies toward the risks of chemicals and hazardous substances. The 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) significantly strengthened American chemical regulations and contributed to the 1979 decision of the EU to both harmonize and strengthen its chemical regulations, though they remained weaker than those of the United States. While there has been no major statutory change in American chemical regulation since then, in 2006 the EU approved REACH—the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, which made European chemical regulations significantly more stringent and comprehensive than those of the United States. Meanwhile, risk assessments by the U.S. federal government do not consider the hazardous substances in electronics deposited in landfills as a threat to public health.

scholarly journals Impact of urbanization on the state of water bodies and adjacent territories

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Valentina Kurochkina
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization

The processes of urbanization of the territory of the Russian Federation lead to the growing impact of man-made factors on water bodies, especially in those cases when water bodies are located directly in the centers of urbanization, or in the zones of their influence. For water supply of economic activities, a significant proportion of river runoff is withdrawn, large volumes of untreated or conditionally clean wastewater are discharged into rivers. As a result of these processes, the hydrochemical and hydrological regimes of water bodies in urbanized areas have been greatly changed, which in turn leads to the accumulation of a significant amount of contaminated bottom sediments in water bodies, which negatively affects the quality of water and the general ecological state of water bodies. Since the negative impact of urbanization on water bodies with varying degrees of intensity has been going on for over 100 years, the volumes of contaminated sediments accumulated in water bodies, in some cases, reach critical values. Cleaning up contaminated areas of water bodies can be carried out using various sets of measures. However, the development of such measures can only be based on a detailed survey of water bodies. This paper shows that when carrying out such studies, it is necessary to take into account not only the migration of toxic substances in various adjacent environments, for example, from water to bottom sediments, from soils to plants, but also the effect of these compounds on the entire trophic chain, at the end of which there is a person. At the same time, it is necessary to note that both during the restoration work and during the operation of water bodies, it must be remembered that a water body is a single water ecosystem, a system inextricably linked with the adjacent territories.

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