scholarly journals Reflections on Stalin and the Holodomor

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Françoise Thom
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
External Threats ◽  
National Question ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mass Starvation ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
Soviet Historiography ◽  
Political Adversary

The mechanisms and the chronology of the great crimes committed by totalitarian regimes are now well documented. While they may explain the mechanics of these events, they do not always explain <em>why</em> they transpired. The implementation of Stalin’s policy of collectivization and de-kulakization relied on dissimulation. Moreover, the pace of collectivization was justified by external threats, initially from Great Britain and Poland, and later extending to Japan. This made possible the branding of any political adversary as a traitor. As long as Stalin faced organized political opposition, he was unable to launch any maximal policies. After the defeat of Trotsky in December 1927 he was able to create crisis situations that ultimately furthered his own power. The offensive he unleashed against the peasants became a means of reinforcing his increasing dictatorship. The collectivization campaign employed the rational argument that the backward countryside needs to modernize production. Its ultimate aim, however, was the crushing of an independent peasantry. There are enlightening comparisons that can be made between collectivization in China and the USSR, which are explored in this essay. The resistance to collectivization was particularly strong amongst Ukrainians. Stalin, who had long regarded the national question as inseparable from the peasant question, deliberately chose mass starvation to break resistance to his will. The history of these events was for a long time shrouded in great secrecy until it began being discussed by Western scholars, becoming a matter of considerable debate between the “totalitarian” and “revisionist” schools of Soviet historiography.

The machinery of the Irish parliamentary party in the general election of 1895

1952 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 115-139
Author(s):  
F.S.L. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
General Election ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Time ◽  
General Elections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Politics

Each of the general elections that took place between 1885 and 1910 was significant in the history of the party, but that of 1895 had an interest peculiar to itself, setting it apart from the others in the series. It was not an election which brought about any major change in the relative strength of the various parties; it was not even notable for the number of seats to be contested. Nor was it fought upon any major issue of policy, since it was obvious to all but the most optimistic that home rule was not—and for a long time was not likely to be—a matter of practical politics; even the question of whether or not to continue the liberal alliance—a question hotly debated ever since Lord Rosebery's unpromising reference to home rule in March 1894—seemed largely academic in view of the probability of a unionist victory in Great Britain. For the Irish party—or, to speak more precisely, for the anti-Parnellites—the importance of the election of 1895 lay in quite a different direction; it lay in the fact that as a result of this campaign the methods whereby in the past the party had controlled the conduct of the elections over a large part of Ireland were deeply and permanently discredited, and the party itself confronted with a very serious crisis. It is the purpose of this paper to trace the development of that crisis, but before proceeding to consider it in detail, it will be necessary to describe very briefly the way in which this control over the elections was exercised.

scholarly journals Urbanonyms of anthroponymic origin on the map of modern Kharkiv

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the functioning of urbanonyms in modern Kharkiv. Research methodology. Methods. The analysis of urbanonyms constitutes a number of methodological problems associated with the difficulties of generalizing and evaluating various data that reveal the internal heterogeneity of urbanonyms as a component of toponymy (urbanonyms). Urbanonym is primarily a linguistic phenomenon. The study is based on the classification of urbanonyms, built on the basis of two principles, morphological and semantic, which is common in linguistics. In the article, the author combines the analysis of urbanonyms and the processes of creating a new name with the study of the linguistic specificity of street names, using linguistic analysis, which involves the identification of a specific language unit, the identification of all its signs. Also, the author of the article used general scientific research methods: analysis and comparison. The scientific novelty of the study. For the first time in Ukrainian linguistics, a linguistic analysis of urbanonyms of anthroponymic origin was carried out, their word-formation specificity and social and cultural factors influencing the functioning of urbanonyms were studied. Conclusions. Kharkiv toponymy is a complex of special models of word formation of different productivity. The most productive way of forming Kharkiv toponyms is morphological. Other ways of formation of Kharkiv toponyms are inefficient. In the toponymy of Kharkiv there are names in the form of an adjective, based on which an anthroponym appears, but not all of them are formed from the names and surnames of people, but from those objects, in due time had in names these names or surnames. The Russian language was a feature of the official Kharkiv toponymy According to the author of the article, some of the names in Ukrainian at different times in the history of Kharkiv rangel from 3% to 8%. In Kharkiv for a long time there were, and some still exist, grammatically incorrect names. The name should always be based on the characteristic feature of the nomination. As evidenced by the facts of the last renaming, carried out in 2015‒2016, according to the requirements of the Law of Ukraine “on condemnation of the Communist and national socialist (Nazi) totalitarian regimes in Ukraine and the prohibition of propaganda of their symbols” in Kharkiv, several hundred inner-city objects were renamed, new names of which are provided with varying degrees of correctness. The results can be used to prepare special courses in regional onomastics, historical studies of local lore and urban studies, as well as in educational and cultural work.

European Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann P. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The Eu

Different understandings of European integration, its background and present problems are represented in this book, but they share an emphasis on historical processes, geopolitical dynamics and regional diversity. The introduction surveys approaches to the question of European continuities and discontinuities, before going on to an overview of chapters. The following three contributions deal with long-term perspectives, including the question of Europe as a civilisational entity, the civilisational crisis of the twentieth century, marked by wars and totalitarian regimes, and a comparison of the European Union with the Habsburg Empire, with particular emphasis on similar crisis symptoms. The next three chapters discuss various aspects and contexts of the present crisis. Reflections on the Brexit controversy throw light on a longer history of intra-Union rivalry, enduring disputes and changing external conditions. An analysis of efforts to strengthen the EU’s legal and constitutional framework, and of resistances to them, highlights the unfinished agenda of integration. A closer look at the much-disputed Islamic presence in Europe suggests that an interdependent radicalization of Islamism and the European extreme right is a major factor in current political developments. Three concluding chapters adopt specific regional perspectives. Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland, are following a path that leads to conflicts with dominant orientations of the EU, but this also raises questions about Europe’s future. The record of Scandinavian policies in relation to Europe exemplifies more general problems faced by peripheral regions. Finally, growing dissonances and divergences within the EU may strengthen the case for Eurasian perspectives.

BRIDGE BUILDING AS A PROBLEM OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Tatiana S. Minaeva ◽  
Sergey S. Gulyaev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
European North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Floating Bridge ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Bridge Building ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. The organization of transport links and the bridge building in cities located on the banks of wide rivers has always been one of the most important tasks of the local administration. The study of the history of bridge building allows not only to trace the process of modernization of different regions of the country, but also to help in solving similar problems of our time. Nevertheless, the history of Russian bridge building is poorly studied. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristics and features of the organization of bridge building in big cities of the European North of Russia as a way to solve one of the problems of urban infrastructure in the early XX century. Materials and Methods. The sources for this study are the documents of the State archive of the Arkhangelsk region, published documents on the history of Vologda, articles in the local periodicals of the early XX century. The analysis of the studied problem used a systematic approach, the method of economic analysis, historical and historical-comparative methods. Results and Discussion. The building of permanent bridges was a need for the development of Arkhangelsk and Vologda. In Vologda the two wooden bridges were built in the middle of XIX century on city funds and in the future these bridges were repaired or rebuilt. The Arkhangelsk city authorities did not hurry to solve a problem of city infrastructure by own efforts and a long time they used the floating bridge. The lack of experience in the building of large bridges and the desire to save money led to the rapid destruction of the first permanent bridge in Arkhangelsk. Conclusion. The Development of trade and industry in cities of the European North of Russia, such as Arkhangelsk and Vologda, led to the expansion of their territory and the emergence over time, the so-called third parts of the cities. Despite the comparable size of the population of the districts located across the river, the process of connecting them with bridges to the rest of the city went at different rates, which depended on the attitude of the local administration to the problem of urban infrastructure.

PARTICIPATION OF UZBEK SOLDIERS IN THE LIBERATION OF THE BALTIC STATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Ilkhomjon M. Saidov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The article is devoted to the participation of natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in the Baltic operation of 1944. The author states that Soviet historiography did not sufficiently address the problem of participation of individual peoples of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War, and therefore their feat remained undervalued for a long time. More specifically, according to the author, 40–42% of the working age population of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Such figure was typical only for a limited number of countries participating in the anti-fascist coalition. Analyzing the participation of Soviet Uzbekistan citizens in the battles for the Baltic States, the author shows that the 51st and 71st guards rifle divisions, which included many natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, were particularly distinguished. Their heroic deeds were noted by the soviet leadership – a number of Uzbek guards were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In addition, Uzbekistanis fought as part of partisan detachments – both in the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, the Western regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Moldova. Many Uzbek partisans were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War” of I and II degrees.

نظام التوثيق وأثره في إدارة الأصول الوقفية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة: نماذج من إمارة الشارقة (Documentation System and its Impact on Endowment Managements in United Arabic Emirates: The Study of Emirate of Sharjah)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-193
Author(s):  
مها بنت منصور الصائغ
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Documentation System ◽  
The People ◽  
Endowment Management ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

شهد تاريخ الأمة الإسلامية حضارة ونهضة عالمية في جميع مجالات الحياة الإنسانية، ومما كان له كبير الأثر في ذلك هو الأوقاف التي بدأت مع سيد البشرية محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم واستمرت بتنوع وشمولية إلى عصرنا الحالي؛ ولكن ما تعرضت إليه الأوقاف من إهمال وإقصاء وضياع يرجع لأسباب عديدة من أهمها غياب التوثيق الوقفي. تقوم الدراسة على تتبع مفهوم الوقف والتوثيق، والوقف في الإمارات العربية المتحدة ول سيما في إمارة الشارقة. توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج منها: أن الأوقاف قائمة منذ زمن بعيد، وأن رغبة الواقف بالوقف وإقدامه عليها لم ينقصها سوى وثيقة، وأنه لا وثائق لها ولا مستندات، كما أن العرض الموجز لنشأة دائرة الأوقاف بالشارقة وسعيها لإحياء سنة الوقف ونشر ثقافته نراه يتضح شيئاً فشيئاً من خلال تفعيل مواد القانون والبحث حول الأنسب والأصح لحماية الأوقاف، ولم يكن هذا الاهتمام بالوقف إلا انعكاساً لتوجه الواقفين وتماشياً لرؤية الحكام وامتثالاً لنهج خير الأنام ورغبة في تكافل الأرواح وحباً للسلام. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: الوقف، التوثيق، المقارنة، الشارقة. Abstract The history of Islamic nation has witnessed a global civilization and it has had a great impact in all areas of human life, including the endowments that began with the master of humankind; Muhammad S.A.W. and it was continuing in diversity and comprehensively until our epoch. However, there are some problems related to endowment management such as negligence, exclusion and loss that due to many reasons. Among the most important reasons is the absence of endowment documentations. Therefore, the study aims to discuss the concept of endowment and documentation, as well as the endowment in United Arabic Emirates, especially in the Emirate of Sharjah. The study concluded that the practice of endowment has been existed for a long time, yet there are in need of endowment documentations. This study also found that the information related to the establishment of institution of endowment in Sharjah and its role has   spread widely to the people through the enforcement of the law and the implementation of the research related to the practice of endowment in order to sustain them in a good way. This documentation system was only a reflection of what has  stated in Shariah laws regarding the practice of endowment among the donors, so that it will be in line with the approach of good intentions and love of peace. Keywords: Endowment, Documentation, Comparison, Sharjah.   

Vestimental Fashion-Trends in the Context of Culture of the late XIX – early XX century: Experience of Inclusion in the Process of Teaching the History of World Culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ж.В. Васильева
Keyword(s):  
Educational Material ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
World Culture ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Experience Of Inclusion

вопросы взаимодействия моды и сферы искусства, аспекты сближения их позиций в области репрезентации базовых эстетических установок конца XIX – начала XX вв. долгое время оставались вне поля исследовательского внимания культурологов и искусствоведов. Между тем, для преподавания курса мировой художественной культуры (МХК) анализ динамики взаимопроникновения моды и искусства в период модерна, выявление параллелей в развитии фэшн-трендов и художественных направлений конца XIX – начала ХХ в. имеет принципиальное значение. Обосновать необходимость включения учебного материала по вестиментарным фэшн-трендам в курс МХК – наша задача. questions of interaction between fashion and art, aspects of convergence of their positions in the field of representation of basic aesthetic attitudes of the late XIX – early XX centuries for a long time remained out of the field of attention of researchers. Meanwhile, for teaching the history of world culture, the analysis of the dynamics of the interpenetration of fashion and art in the modern period, the identification of parallels in the development of fashion trends and artistic trends of the late XIX – early XX century is of fundamental importance. Our task is to justify the need to include educational material on vestigial fashion trends in the course of world art culture.

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