Options for Monetising Deep Water Gas in Trinidad and Tobago

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Alleyne ◽  
V.. Stoute
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Critical Path ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Gas To Liquids ◽  
Water Gas

Abstract Notwithstanding the global thrust to develop renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels, coal, crude oil and natural gas are expected to play a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs for decades to come. Natural gas with the highest hydrogen concentration among the fossil fuels is the preferred fossil fuel from an environmental impact standpoint. Trinidad and Tobago, like the rest of the world, is taking its petroleum exploration activities into deep water, its onshore and continental shelf provinces being fully explored. The development of petroleum reservoirs in deep water has many challenges. This paper explores the unique challenges posed by developing deep water gas fields with a focus on the options available for monetising the natural gas produced from these fields. The options for getting gas to market are well known and include pipelines, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to solid petrochemicals (GTS), gas to liquids (GTL) and gas to wire (GTW). Most of these options are operating in Trinidad and Tobago. The paper evaluates the financial outcomes from applying the pipeline, LNG and CNG options, either offshore or onshore, for gas extracted from deep water fields across a range of reserve levels and well productivities. It aims to establish criteria for deciding which means of monetisation is preferred. The reserve and productivity ranges reflect typical values encountered in the deep water provinces in Latin America, North America and Africa. These provinces account for 85% of all the deep water fields and 74 % the deep water reserves which have been discovered worldwide. Because the paper focuses on the monetisation of natural gas, its findings will be applicable to any successful deep water exploration in Trinidad and Tobago because all situations, even the discovery of oil, will require that the associated gas be handled. The handling of gas has the potential of being on the critical path in deciding on the development of deep water fields in Trinidad and Tobago.

Modelling and Simulation of a Natural Gas Liquid Fractionation System Using Aspen HYSYS

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
John Olusoji Owolabi ◽  
Olatokunbo Olatunbosun Kila ◽  
Abdulwahab Giwa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Aspen Hysys ◽  
The Status ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Liquid Fractionation

The global use of natural gas is growing quickly, and this is attributed primarily to its environmental advantage over fossil fuels such as crude oil and coal. This natural gas is usually flared in refineries because extra charges would be incurred in collecting and processing it. A country flares about 800 million standard cubic feet (Mmscf) of gas per day, from approximately 144 gas flare points across the nation, losing a huge amount of money per annum. A liquefied natural gas plant has converted about 5.58 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of associated gas to exports as liquefied natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs), thus helping to reduce gas flaring from upstream companies. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are major contributors to this economic benefit through petrochemical feedstock for industrial purposes, fuel for residential, commercial and agricultural applications, in addition to using other products as propellant, refrigerant and gasoline blending. To contribute to the technology of natural gas liquid system, in this work, a fractionation system has been modelled and simulated using Aspen HYSYS to determine the status of processes involved and the compositions of the NGLs. The results obtained revealed that each of methane, ethane, propane, iso-butane and n-butane could be successfully separated with high purity from natural gas feed stream. Also, it was observed from the validation carried out on the developed model of the system, which was ascertained by its operations that were in line with the theoretical principles of separation involved in the plant, that it can be used for further analyses of the system.

scholarly journals Use of CNG as Autofuel in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Chikwendu Ubani ◽  
Ubong Ikpaisong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
National Development ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Gaseous Hydrocarbon ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

Natural gas is a clean-burning, safe fuel that can save you money at the pump while benefitting the environment and reducing Nigeria’s dependence on petroleum. It is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon, non-gaseous non-hydrocarbons and gaseous non-hydrocarbons found in underground reservoir rocks either on its own (non-associated gas) or in association with crude oil (associated gas). Natural gas is today accepted as one of the best sources of energy for the world and for the future because of its environmentally-friendly nature compared to other kinds of fossil fuels. Nigeria is ranked as the seventh most natural gas endowed nation in the world and relaxes on number one spot in Africa as she seats on about one hundred and eighty-eight trillion cubic feet of natural gas deposits.Current opportunities to utilize gas in Nigeria include: Gas to reinjection schemes, Gas to power schemes, Gas to petrochemicals (as feedstock), LNG-Liquefied Natural Gas, LPG- Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and CNG- Compressed Natural Gas. The use of CNG as auto fuel in Nigeria presents so much benefits as have been highlighted in this paper with emphasis on the economic advantage. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a product of compressing natural gas to one hundredth the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure.A comprehensive economic analysis to determine the cost savings from driving a car on CNG against PMS considered the case of a motorist who covers an average of 100 km every day in the approximately thirty days that make a month was employed. Results established that running a car on CNG amounts to saving N1 143 daily and N34 284 monthly, the cost of converting the car from PMS - driven to CNG - driven is recovered before the end of the sixth month. From the sixth month to the end of the first year, savings of N211 402 is made. Savings of N411 408 is enjoyed each year after the first year.Running vehicles on CNG will greatly reduce the friction and troubles encountered in importing fuel into the country. This will also cut down largely the hardly available foreign exchange expended in bringing in PMS for fuelling vehicles. To this end, the Nigerian Government should as a matter of national development ensure legal and regulatory framework encompassing both technical and commercial aspects for natural gas utilization in Nigeria. Worthy of note is the aspect of gas gathering, gas transmission and distribution which will further encourage the planting of CNG refuelling stations that will serve the expected large fleet of natural gas vehicles. Currently, Green Gas Limited, a joint venture between Nigeria Gas Company (NGC) a Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and NIPCO Plc. that has nine operational CNG refuelling stations and others under construction is the only company driving the CNG revolution in the country.

scholarly journals Iran’s Strategy for Natural Gas

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Feed Stock ◽  
The World ◽  
Permanent Staff ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Natural gas as one the most significant fossil fuels is playing a crucial role in national energy mix in different countries. Nevertheless, its applications have not been limited to energy providing, and has been used widely as the feed stock in production of different varieties of petrochemicals. So that most of new petrochemical complexes around the country are designed and constructed based on natural gas feed. Natural gas was produced as one of the byproducts of crude oil and mostly was burned. Gradually along with increasing volumes of extracted natural gas, planning on gathering and using associated gas resulted in more usage of natural gas in different sectors including petrochemical feed and fuel. Following the developments, National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) was established in 1965 as one of the subsidiaries of the petroleum ministry with initial capital of 25 million Rials. Since its establishment, NIGC has gradually achieved capabilities and managed to have access to various sources and facilities such as experts and efficient human force equipped with scientific and theoretical vision and knowledge, tools, equipment, machinery and various advanced workshops for implementing its operations proportionate with the economic and social development trend of the country, so that it can independently accomplish all the related tasks complying with the valid international acceptable standards. Today, NIGC as one of the 4 mail subsidiaries of petroleum ministry is supplying more than 70 percent of total energy in the country as well as the feed stock for tens of petrochemical and industrial complexed around the country. The company also is operating one of the biggest high pressure gas transmission and distribution networks of the world facilitating export, import, transit and swap of natural gas in the country. In the point of natural gas treatment and supply, the company has the first position in the Middle East and one of major gas companies around the world. At the time being, the number of the NIGC permanent staff is more than19000official staff and more than 19300 total staff

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

scholarly journals Emissions Effects of Energy Storage for Frequency Regulation: Comparing Battery and Flywheel Storage to Natural Gas

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Eric Pareis ◽  
Eric Hittinger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Electrical Generation

With an increase in renewable energy generation in the United States, there is a growing need for more frequency regulation to ensure the stability of the electric grid. Fast ramping natural gas plants are often used for frequency regulation, but this creates emissions associated with the burning of fossil fuels. Energy storage systems (ESSs), such as batteries and flywheels, provide an alternative frequency regulation service. However, the efficiency losses of charging and discharging a storage system cause additional electrical generation requirements and associated emissions. There is not a good understanding of these indirect emissions from charging and discharging ESSs in the literature, with most sources stating that ESSs for frequency regulation have lower emissions, without quantification of these emissions. We created a model to estimate three types of emissions (CO2, NOX, and SO2) from ESSs providing frequency regulation, and compare them to emissions from a natural gas plant providing the same service. When the natural gas plant is credited for the generated electricity, storage systems have 33% to 68% lower CO2 emissions than the gas turbine, depending on the US eGRID subregion, but higher NOX and SO2 emissions. However, different plausible assumptions about the framing of the analysis can make ESSs a worse choice so the true difference depends on the nature of the substitution between storage and natural gas generation.

Accelerating oil and gas investment and reserves by design

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Barry A. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Land Access ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations

Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence (Adams 1770). Some people unfamiliar with upstream petroleum operations, some enterprises keen to sustain uncontested land use, and some people against the use of fossil fuels have and will voice opposition to land access for oil and gas exploration and production. Social and economic concerns have also arisen with Australian domestic gas prices tending towards parity with netbacks from liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. No doubt, natural gas, LNG and crude-oil prices will vary with local-to-international supply-side and demand-side competition. Hence, well run Australian oil and gas producers deploy stress-tested exploration, delineation and development budgets. With these challenges in mind, successive governments in South Australia have implemented leading-practice legislation, regulation, policies and programs to simultaneously gain and sustain trust with the public and investors with regard to land access for trustworthy oil and gas operations. South Australia’s most recent initiatives to foster reserve growth through welcomed investment in responsible oil and gas operations include the following: a Roundtable for Oil and Gas; evergreen answers to frequently asked questions, grouped retention licences that accelerate investment in the best of play trends; the Plan for ACcelerating Exploration (PACE) Gas Program; and the Oil and Gas Royalty Return Program. Intended and actual outcomes from these initiatives are addressed in this extended abstract.

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