Options for Monetising Deep Water Gas in Trinidad and Tobago

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal A. Alleyne ◽  
Valerie Stoute
Keyword(s):  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Water Gas

Options for Monetising Deep Water Gas in Trinidad and Tobago

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Alleyne ◽  
V.. Stoute
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Critical Path ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Gas To Liquids ◽  
Water Gas

Abstract Notwithstanding the global thrust to develop renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels, coal, crude oil and natural gas are expected to play a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs for decades to come. Natural gas with the highest hydrogen concentration among the fossil fuels is the preferred fossil fuel from an environmental impact standpoint. Trinidad and Tobago, like the rest of the world, is taking its petroleum exploration activities into deep water, its onshore and continental shelf provinces being fully explored. The development of petroleum reservoirs in deep water has many challenges. This paper explores the unique challenges posed by developing deep water gas fields with a focus on the options available for monetising the natural gas produced from these fields. The options for getting gas to market are well known and include pipelines, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to solid petrochemicals (GTS), gas to liquids (GTL) and gas to wire (GTW). Most of these options are operating in Trinidad and Tobago. The paper evaluates the financial outcomes from applying the pipeline, LNG and CNG options, either offshore or onshore, for gas extracted from deep water fields across a range of reserve levels and well productivities. It aims to establish criteria for deciding which means of monetisation is preferred. The reserve and productivity ranges reflect typical values encountered in the deep water provinces in Latin America, North America and Africa. These provinces account for 85% of all the deep water fields and 74 % the deep water reserves which have been discovered worldwide. Because the paper focuses on the monetisation of natural gas, its findings will be applicable to any successful deep water exploration in Trinidad and Tobago because all situations, even the discovery of oil, will require that the associated gas be handled. The handling of gas has the potential of being on the critical path in deciding on the development of deep water fields in Trinidad and Tobago.

Assessment of hydrate flow obstacles during the initial restarting period of deep-water gas wells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Zhang ◽  
Hao Jin ◽  
Qingjie Du ◽  
Kai Xie ◽  
Binbin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Water Gas

Flow Assurance in Deep-Water Gas Pipelines: Locating Hydrate Plugging Position in a Fast Way

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Cheng Hui ◽  
Chao Wen Sun ◽  
Zhan Ling Zou ◽  
Bin Lu Zhuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Flow Assurance ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hydrate Layer ◽  
Hydrate Deposition ◽  
Water Gas

Abstract Hydrate-associated issues are of great significance to the oil and gas sector when advancing the development of offshore reservoir. Gas hydrate is easy to form under the condition featuring depressed temperature and elevated pressure within deep-water gas pipeline. Once hydrate deposition is formed within the pipelines, the energy transmission efficiency will be greatly reduced. An accurate prediction of hydrate-obstruction-development behavior will assist flow-assurance engineers to cultivate resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategies for managing hydrate. Based on the long-distance transportation characteristics of deep-water gas pipeline, a quantitative prediction method is expected to explain the hydrate-obstruction-formation behavior in deep-water gas pipeline throughout the production of deep-water gas well. Through a deep analysis of the features of hydrate shaping and precipitation at various locations inside the system, the advised method can quantitatively foresee the dangerous position and intensity of hydrate obstruction. The time from the start of production to the dramatic change of pressure drop brought about by the deposition of hydrate attached to the pipe wall is defined as the Hydrate Plugging Alarm Window (HPAW), which provides guidance for the subsequent hydrate treatment. Case study of deep-water gas pipeline constructed in the South China Sea is performed with the advised method. The simulation outcomes show that hydrates shape and deposit along pipe wall, constructing an endlessly and inconsistently developing hydrate layer, which restricts the pipe, raises the pressure drop, and ultimately leads to obstruction. At the area of 700m-3200m away from the pipeline inlet, the hydrate layer develops all the more swiftly, which points to the region of high risk of obstruction. As the gas-flow rate increases, the period needed for the system to shape hydrate obstruction becomes less. The narrower the internal diameter of the pipeline is, the more severe risk of hydrate obstruction will occur. The HPAW is 100 days under the case conditions. As the concentration of hydrate inhibitor rises, the region inside the system that tallies with the hydrate phase equilibrium conditions progressively reduces and the hydrate deposition rate slows down. The advised method will support operators to define the location of hydrate inhibitor injection within a shorter period in comparison to the conventional method. This work will deliver key instructions for locating the hydrate plugging position in a fast way in addition to solving the problem of hydrate flow assurance in deep-water gas pipelines at a reduced cost.

Case History: Lessons learned From Retrieval of Coiled Tubing Stuck by Massive Hydrate Plug When Well Testing in an Ultra Deep Water Gas Well in Mexico

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Gerardo Vallejo ◽  
Aciel Olivares ◽  
Pablo Crespo Hdez ◽  
Eduardo R. Roman ◽  
Claudio Rogerio Tigre Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Case History ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Well Testing ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Hydrate Plug ◽  
Water Gas

scholarly journals Evidence for massive emission of methane from a deep‐water gas field during the Pliocene

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (45) ◽  
pp. 27869-27876
Author(s):  
Martino Foschi ◽  
Joseph A. Cartwright ◽  
Christopher W. MacMinn ◽  
Giuseppe Etiope
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Fluid Flow Modeling

Geologic hydrocarbon seepage is considered to be the dominant natural source of atmospheric methane in terrestrial and shallow‐water areas; in deep‐water areas, in contrast, hydrocarbon seepage is expected to have no atmospheric impact because the gas is typically consumed throughout the water column. Here, we present evidence for a sudden expulsion of a reservoir‐size quantity of methane from a deep‐water seep during the Pliocene, resulting from natural reservoir overpressure. Combining three-dimensional seismic data, borehole data and fluid‐flow modeling, we estimate that 18–27 of the 23–31 Tg of methane released at the seafloor could have reached the atmosphere over 39–241 days. This emission is ∼10% and ∼28% of present‐day, annual natural and petroleum‐industry methane emissions, respectively. While no such ultraseepage events have been documented in modern times and their frequency is unknown, seismic data suggest they were not rare in the past and may potentially occur at present in critically pressurized reservoirs. This neglected phenomenon can influence decadal changes in atmospheric methane.

An integrated prediction model of hydrate blockage formation in deep-water gas wells

2019 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 187-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbo Zhang ◽  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Baojiang Sun ◽  
Xiaohui Sun ◽  
Youqiang Liao
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Water Gas

Hydrate deposition prediction model for deep-water gas wells under shut-in conditions

Fuel ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 117944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Shikun Tong ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Jianbo Zhang ◽  
Weiqi Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Hydrate Deposition ◽  
Water Gas
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