Optimizing The Flow Rate Of Pumping Iraqi Crude Oil Inside Pipelines Using A New Drag Reducing Additive

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Aswad ◽  
A. Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Drag Reducing Additive

scholarly journals Role of Shearing Dispersion and Stripping in Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Pipelines

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4325
Author(s):  
Zhihua Wang ◽  
Yunfei Xu ◽  
Yi Zhao ◽  
Zhimin Li ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Critical Flow ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Critical Flow Rate ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
Shearing Mechanism

Wax deposition during crude oil transmission can cause a series of negative effects and lead to problems associated with pipeline safety. A considerable number of previous works have investigated the wax deposition mechanism, inhibition technology, and remediation methods. However, studies on the shearing mechanism of wax deposition have focused largely on the characterization of this phenomena. The role of the shearing mechanism on wax deposition has not been completely clarified. This mechanism can be divided into the shearing dispersion effect caused by radial migration of wax particles and the shearing stripping effect caused by hydrodynamic scouring. From the perspective of energy analysis, a novel wax deposition model was proposed that considered the flow parameters of waxy crude oil in pipelines instead of its rheological parameters. Considering the two effects of shearing dispersion and shearing stripping coexist, with either one of them being the dominant mechanism, a shearing dispersion flux model and a shearing stripping model were established. Furthermore, a quantitative method to distinguish between the roles of shearing dispersion and shearing stripping in wax deposition was developed. The results indicated that the shearing mechanism can contribute an average of approximately 10% and a maximum of nearly 30% to the wax deposition process. With an increase in the oil flow rate, the effect of the shearing mechanism on wax deposition is enhanced, and its contribution was demonstrated to be negative; shear stripping was observed to be the dominant mechanism. A critical flow rate was observed when the dominant effect changes. When the oil flow rate is lower than the critical flow rate, the shearing dispersion effect is the dominant effect; its contribution rate increases with an increase in the oil flow temperature. When the oil flow rate is higher than the critical flow rate, the shearing stripping effect is the dominant effect; its contribution rate increases with an increase in the oil flow temperature. This understanding can be used to design operational parameters of the actual crude oil pipelines and address the potential flow assurance problems. The results of this study are of great significance for understanding the wax deposition theory of crude oil and accelerating the development of petroleum industry pipelines.

Simulation of Liquid-Gas Replacement in Commissioning Process for Large-Slope Crude Oil Pipeline

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Chen ◽  
Jing Gong ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Shaojun He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Fluid Model ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Computational Procedure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Oil Pipeline

Pipeline commissioning, which is a key link from engineering construction to production operation, is aim to fill an empty pipe by injecting water or oil to push air out of it. For a large-slope crude oil pipeline with great elevation differences, air is fairly easy to entrap at downward inclined parts. The entrapped air, which is also called air pocket, will cause considerable damage on pumps and pipes. The presence of it may also bring difficulties in tracking the location of the liquid head or the interface between oil and water. It is the accumulated air that needed to be exhausted in time during commissioning. This paper focuses on the simulation of liquid-gas replacement in commissioning process that only liquid flow rate exists while gas stays stagnant in the pipe and is demanded to be replaced by liquid. Few previous researches have been found yet in this area. Consequently, the flow in a V-section pipeline consisted of a downhill segment and a subsequent uphill one is used here for studying both the formation and exhaustion behaviors of the intake air. The existing two-fluid model and simplified non-pressure wave model for gas-liquid stratified flow are applied to performance the gas formation and accumulation. The exhausting process is deemed to be a period in which the elongated bubble (Taylor bubble) is fragmented into dispersed small bubbles. A mathematical model to account for gas entrainment into liquid slug is proposed, implemented and incorporated in a computational procedure. By taking into account the comprehensive effects of liquid flow rate, fluid properties, surface tension, and inclination angle, the characteristics of the air section such as the length, pressure and mass can be calculated accurately. The model was found to show satisfactory predictions when tested in a pipeline. The simulation studies can provide theoretical support and guidance for field engineering application, which are meanwhile capable of helping detect changes in parameters of gas section. Thus corresponding control measures can be adopted timely and appropriately in commissioning process.

Design and Construction of Pipeline Integrated Oil Storage Caverns

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Broyles ◽  
Paul Dusseault ◽  
Frank Vanden Elsen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Oil Transportation ◽  
Control Centre ◽  
Salt Caverns ◽  
Design And Construction ◽  
Storage Facilities

In response to industry demand, Hardisty Caverns Limited Partnership (HCLP) has developed cost effective underground storage facilities with a capacity to store 480,000 m3 (3 million barrels) of crude oil. This project is unique through the integration of existing underground salt caverns into a significant North American crude oil transportation hub. Annually, 64 million cubic meters (400 million barrels) of oil move through this hub. This project utilizes existing caverns developed in the late 1960’s. Significant work was required to upgrade the cavern facilities and to construct new surface facilities to integrate the caverns into the crude oil transportation hub. Remote operation of the facility is performed from a control centre in Edmonton. In this paper, the key features of the design and construction of the Hardisty Cavern Storage Project will be presented. Of particular interest are the unique challenges presented due to hydraulic considerations related to cavern operation with multiple product characteristics and to provide crude oil movements exchanges between the cavern storage facilities and both low flow rate feeder pipelines and high flow rate transportation pipelines.

Research and Application of Drag Reducer for Oil Products

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyuan Guan ◽  
Jinghua Liang ◽  
Chunyang Liu ◽  
Weichun Chang ◽  
Feng Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Bulk Polymerization ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Chemical Additive ◽  
Manual Operation ◽  
Products Pipeline ◽  
Equipment System

Taking the exact demands of chemical additive components added in oil products into account, it is necessary to prepare a drag reducer both with desirable functions and pure composition for oil products differing from that for crude oil. However, that is evidently difficult. This article presents the research and application of a newly-developed drag reducer for oil products, which is innocuous to oil products and easy to handle in its applications. The preparation of the drag reducer was based upon a series of integrative techniques involving adsorbent purification of monomers, implementation of bulk polymerization at low temperatures and ultramicro grinding of polyalphaolefins at normal temperatures. Simultaneously, the drag reducer can be manufactured in different scales by purpose-made equipment system with a little manual operation on safe, reliable, efficient and convenient base. The application test of the drag reducer was conducted successfully and has been commercially applied in Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Products Pipeline. The application results for the pipeline showed that this drag reducer, as a feasible and available technical method, was not only positively helpful to increase the flow rate of Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Products Pipeline, but also of great significance for other oil products pipelines in throughput increase and energy saving.

Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting Miscible Two-Phase Flow in Fractured and Non-Fractured Micromodels

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Amir Farzaneh ◽  
Riyaz Kharrat ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Ghazanfari
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Heavy Crude

Micromodel is small-scale artificial model of porous medium which is known as a novel approach for simulating flow and transport in porous media. For better understanding the effect of fracture geometrical properties on oil recovery efficiency, a series of first contact miscible solvent injection process were conducted on horizontal glass micromodels at several fixed flow rate conditions. The micromodels were initially saturated with the heavy crude oil. The produced oil as a function of injected volume of solvents was measured using image analysis of the provided pictures. The concentration calibration curves of solvents in heavy crude oil were used for evaluating the solvents concentration. Several fractured and non-fractured quarter five-spot micromodels were generated by chemically etching process. The result of the experiments show that the produced oil decreased when the flow rate, fracture spacing, fracture discontinuity, fracture overlap, and fracture distribution were increased. In contrast, the produced oil increased, when the solvent viscosity, fracture orientation angles, fracture discontinuity-distribution and the number of fracture were increased. In addition, an optimum solvent composition is proposed.

Performance of Electrostatic Field in Continuous Demulsification of Simulated Crude Oil Emulsion

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norasikin Othman ◽  
Tan Kah Sin ◽  
Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah ◽  
Ooi Zing Yi ◽  
Norela Jusoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Electrical Method ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Emulsion Flow ◽  
Span 80 ◽  
Phase Water

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is always formed in crude oil production. In most cases, the presence of water droplets in crude oil is undesirable because they can cause several problems such as corrosion of process equipment and a decrease in crude oil quality, as well as its market price. In this research, a simulated W/O emulsion that consists of kerosene as a continuous oil phase, water as a dispersed phase and SPAN 80 as an emulsifier has been formulated. The feasibility of using Span 80 for W/O emulsion formation and emulsion stability has been investigated. Stability test proved that the emulsions with 2 w/v % of Span 80 were stable and no separation was observed for the first 48 hours of gravitational settling. Besides, this research also aimed to study the effects of several parameters such as frequency, emulsion flow rate, voltage, water content in emulsion, and emulsifier concentration on the demulsification performance under high voltage electric field. The results showed that the best demulsification performance was 90% using electrical method at 1000 Hz of frequency, 10kV of voltage, 0.4 mL/s of emulsion flow rate, 2 w/v % of emulsifier, and 30 % of water portion of simulated crude oil.

The Initial Startup Wave Velocity in Isothermal Pipeline With Compressible Gelled Crude Oil

SPE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Guozhong ◽  
Xiao Wentao ◽  
Liu Gang ◽  
Lan Hao
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pressure Wave ◽  
Viscoplastic Fluid ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Constant Flow ◽  
Transient Pressure ◽  
Waxy Crude Oil ◽  
Constant Flow Rate

Summary The results of pipe-flow experiments show that the advancement velocity of pressure is considerably slower than the transient-pressure-wave velocity during the startup of pipeline with compressible gelled crude oil under constant flow rate. The startup wave velocity that dominates the advancement velocity of pressure in pipeline with compressible gelled crude oil was described and explained, and the essential difference between the startup wave velocity and the transient-pressure-wave velocity was also described in detail. The startup wave front marks the substantive commencement of breakdown of gel structure, and also indicates when the flow rate starts to become stable in the pipeline segments passed through during startup under constant flow rate, so it is a crucial factor affecting the calculation of startup pressure. In this paper, the efficient numerical formulas to compute the startup wave velocity were deduced on the basis of the analysis of 1D flow of viscoplastic media in elastic pipeline. The reliability of the formulae was verified by the well agreement between the calculated values and the results of pipeline startup experiments carried out with the N-Y gelled crude oil. These formulas facilitate scientific analysis for the safe and economical operation of pipeline transporting waxy crude oil. During the initial startup of pipeline with compressible gelled crude oil under constant flow rate, the startup wave velocity is considerably slower than the transient-pressure-wave velocity, decreases with the increase of the propagation distance and the gel strength of crude oil, and increases with the increase of startup flow rate (the volume elastic/plastic coefficient of gelled crude oil and the ratio of the wall thickness to the inside diameter of the pipeline). It is noticeable that the formulae deduced in this paper are not limited to the pipelines with gelled crude oil. They are also applicable to most kinds of pipelines transporting compressible viscoplastic fluid with strong structure.

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