Downhole Production Testing, a Cost Effective, Safe and Environmentally Friendly Well Test Method.

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Woie ◽  
T.M. Hegre ◽  
T. Gravem ◽  
P.E. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Well Test ◽  
Production Testing

Sustainable and environmentally friendly zinc coatings for protecting steel bridges in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. van Leeuwen ◽  
P. M. Gangé ◽  
B. Duran ◽  
F. Prenger
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Zinc Coating ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Steel Bridges ◽  
Metallic Zinc ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Paint Systems ◽  
Zinc Coatings

<p>Metallic zinc coatings are well established as cost-effective corrosion protection for steel bridges. The zinc coating acts first as barrier protection, isolating the base steel from corrosive elements, and secondly by cathodic protection, acting as a sacrificial anode to protect the steel should the coating be compromised. Bridge operators can be confronted by disproportional high maintenance costs for bridges in use as removal of (in)organic paint systems with hazardous and toxic compounds require expensive waste disposal and environmental protection measures. Metallic zinc coatings are recognized as environmentally friendly, sustainable, and low maintenance, providing the lowest life cycle cost corrosion protection. Various case studies with bridges protected with metallic zinc coatings in and outside Europe are illustrated.</p>

Fe2O3, a cost effective and environmentally friendly catalyst for the generation of NH3– a future fuel – using a new Al2O3-looping based technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (77) ◽  
pp. 10664-10667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Wu ◽  
Guodong Jiang ◽  
Hongbo Zhang ◽  
Zhao Sun ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chemical Looping

Fe2O3is found to be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly catalyst for chemical looping generation of NH3– a future fuel.

The Evolution of Green Completion in BP Khazzan Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultan Al Harrasi ◽  
Naren Jayawickramarajah ◽  
Taimur Al Shidhani ◽  
Daniel White ◽  
Mohamed Najwani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Well Testing ◽  
Well Test ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

Abstract Well Testing is the single largest contributor of carbon emissions during well operations and the industry's aspiration to reduce carbon emissions inspired the bp Oman team to identify innovative ways to reduce emissions from activities in the Khazzan field. Khazzan is characterized by tight reservoirs which requires hydraulic fracturing to release gas from the rock. After fracturing, the wells are tested/cleaned-up by flowing the well fluids and flaring the produced gas and condensate to the atmosphere. The testing removes contaminants – proppant, frac fluid, hydrogen sulphide – that could damage the downstream Central Processing Facility (CPF). ‘Green Completion’ was one of the opportunities that was identified by the bp's Oman team to remove these contaminants in an environmentally friendly manner. A Green Completion is a zero flaring concept – hydrocarbons produced during well test operations are ‘cleaned’ and then routed to processing facilities for export rather than being flared. This concept has been successfully utilized in bp's onshore US operations for over a decade. The team leveraged the experience from the USA, applying this technology to suit the conditions in Oman, but it was not simple nor straight forward. In the last two years, this process has been modified and reinvented for the operations in Oman as the company seeks to strategically reduce its global carbon footprint. In first half of 2018, the bp Wells team initiated a pilot project with the objective of developing Green Completion capability in the Khazzan field. This was the start of the journey to demonstrate bp's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas (CHG) emissions in a sustainable manner. Furthermore, bp's collaborative cross-functional aptitude allowed for expanding the use of Green Completions into the Ghazeer development, which enabled zero-emission well testing of newly drilled wells even before commissioning of the new pipeline infrastructure. Through this initiative, the region has reduced emissions and generated cash by selling the recovered hydrocarbons instead of flaring into the atmosphere during well testing operations. Since Q1 2019, the total reduction of CO2 emissions exceeded 240,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent, which equates to taking circa 52,000 vehicles off the road for one year. The implementation of this environmentally friendly operation also adhered to strict safety standards. The rigid bp safety process guidelines ensured that all challenges and optimization opportunities were fulfilled in a safe manner. The purpose of this paper is to detail how the team pushed the technical envelope to introduce this technology and share the journey entailing extensive cross-disciplinary cooperation amongst operations, subsurface and wells teams to fulfill the zero emissions objective.

Integration of Electrografted Layers for the Metallization of Deep TSVs

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000803-000830
Author(s):  
Claudio Truzzi ◽  
F. Raynal ◽  
V. Mevellec ◽  
N. Frederich ◽  
D. Suhr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Film Properties ◽  
Wet Process ◽  
Integration Schemes ◽  
Chemical Grafting ◽  
3D Packaging ◽  
Conductive Surfaces

Electrografting (eG) is a molecular engineering technology delivering high-quality films for Through Silicon Vias (TSVs). It generates surface-initiated conformal films which are thin, continuous, adherent and uniform. It is a wet-process technique, operated in standard plating tools, and is used on (semi)-conductive surfaces. Chemical grafting (cG) is a similar technology, used to graft films on non-conductive surfaces. A wet deposition of insulator, barrier and copper seed layers inside deep TSVs using a combination of electrografting and chemical grafting techniques has already been demonstrated [1, 2]. Electrografting and chemical grafting formulations and processes have been developed and specifically tailored for TSV diameters ranging from 1 to 200 μm, covering a depth/diameter Aspect Ratio (AR) range from 2:1 to 20:1. Film thickness can be controlled to any value from 50nm to few microns, depending on the layer, with 5% 3ó in-wafer non-uniformity, providing a step coverage (bottom/top thickness ratio) value of up to 90%. Adhesion of all layers is measured using a 16-square scribe tape test method: all layers successfully pass the test. The presentation will focus on film properties and show how TSV formed using these layers meet all key process requirements such as conformality, uniformity, adhesion, reliability and industrial compatibility for cost-effective high volume manufacturing of TSV wafers. A comprehensive set of film properties and reliability data characterized on blanket and pattern 200-mm Si wafers will be discussed. Integration schemes of electrografted layers within current 3D packaging process flows will be presented.

Dispersive Liquid—Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Drop Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Analysis of 15 Phthalates in Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 942-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danni Yang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Yongxin Li ◽  
Shuo Yin ◽  
Yaling Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Uv Detection ◽  
Established Method ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Liquid Microextraction

Abstract Background: Consistent toxicological evidence indicate that phthalates can cause adverse effects on human health. The concern over phthalate pollution and exposure has been emphasized in recent years. Therefore, the sensitive, reliable, and rapid detection of phthalates in water is of great importance. Objective: In this study, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO) combined with HPLC-UV detection was established and applied in the preconcentration and detection of 15 phthalates in drinking and river water samples. Methods: A mixture of acetonitrile (dispersant) and 1-dodecanol (extractant) was injected into water samples, which had been added with sodium chloride. The cloudy solution was formed by hand-shaking. After centrifugation, the sample solution was cooled in a refrigerator, and the solidified organic droplet was collected. It melted at room temperature and was injected into the HPLC system for analysis. The quantification was based on the working curves. Results: Under optimum conditions, this method showed good linearity in the range of 0.1–100 or 0.5–100 μg/L with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The method had the LODs ranging from 0.013 to 0.16 μg/L with the enrichment factors of 102–218. The recoveries of the method ranged from 86.8 to 119% with RSDs less than 12.6%. The interday and intraday RSDs were 6.35–13.5% and 3.00–13.7%, respectively. The established method has been successfully applied to the analysis of phthalates in drinking and river waters. Conclusions: The established method is rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. It can be applied to the analysis of 15 phthalates in drinking and river water samples. Highlights: A method of DLLME-SFO combined with HPLC-UV detection has been established for the analysis of 15 phthalates in drinking and river water samples. The established method was rapid, sensitive, accurate, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of 15 phthalates in bottled, tap, and river water samples.

scholarly journals Near-Field Immunity Test Method for Fast Radiated Immunity Test Debugging of Automotive Electronics

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawad Yousaf ◽  
Doojin Lee ◽  
JunHee Han ◽  
Hosang Lee ◽  
Muhammad Faisal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Automotive Electronics ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Electric Power Steering ◽  
Power Steering

This study presents a near-field immunity test (NFIT) method for the fast debugging of radiated susceptibility of industrial devices. The proposed approach is based on the development of an NFIT setup which comprises of developed near-field electric and magnetic field probes and device under test (DUT). The developed small-size and handy near-field testing probes inject the high electric (up to 1000 V/m) and magnetic (up to 2.4 A/m) fields on the DUT in the radar pulse ranges (1.2 to 1.4 GHz and 2.7 to 3.1 GHz) with the lower fed input power (up to 15 W) from the power amplifier in the developed NFIT setup. The proof of concept is validated with the successful near-field immunity debugging of an electric power steering (EPS) device used in the automotive industry with the developed NFIT setup. The radiated susceptibility debugging test results of developed NFIT method and conventional method of ISO 11452-2 test setup turned out to be close to each other for the tested DUT in immunity performance. The proposed procedure has advantages of industry usefulness with fast, handy, and cost-effective radiated immunity debugging of the DUT without the requirement of large antenna, high-power amplifiers, optical DUT connecting harness, and an anechoic chamber as needed in ISO 11452-2 standard setup for the debugging analysis.

Warming and cooling device using thermoelectric Peltier elements tested on male mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-451
Author(s):  
Nodir Madrahimov ◽  
Ruslan Natanov ◽  
Abdurasul Khalikov ◽  
Erin C Boyle ◽  
Danny Jonigk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Sinus Rhythm ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Normal Sinus ◽  
Cardiac Procedures ◽  
Clinical Methods ◽  
Strong Linear Correlation ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Hypothermia is a treatment strategy for different clinical conditions and an essential part of cardiopulmonary bypass in complex cardiac procedures. Clinically, cooling patients is achieved via a mattress and heat exchanger integrated into a membrane oxygenator connected to a waterbed using a refrigerator system based on volatile and toxic liquids. Peltier elements are known as environmentally friendly thermoelectric generators that enable rapid warming and cooling. In this paper, we describe the construction of a novel device for rapid and precise control of mouse warming and cooling using thermoelectric Peltier elements. Six male BALB/c mice were subjected to deep hypothermia and were rewarmed under full physiological monitoring. After rewarming, all animals were observed for two hours, and pathology was evaluated in several organs. All animals tolerated the rapid cooling process well and remained active after rewarming. Temperature-relevant changes were seen via electrocardiography, with heart-rate patterns showing a strong linear correlation to body temperature. No myocardial ischaemia was seen. However, two animals experienced bradycardic atrial fibrillation which spontaneously converted to normal sinus rhythm during rewarming. No histological damage was seen in the heart, liver, kidney or lungs. Our device can effectively be used for heat shock and hypothermia studies in mice, and we foresee no obstacles for its application to other small rodents such as hamsters and young rats. In comparison to known experimental and clinical methods of hypothermia, our device is environmentally friendly, cost-effective and easy to handle, allowing precise control and maintenance of body temperatures ranging from 18℃ to 42℃.

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