A Trapping Hele-Shaw Model for Miscible-Immiscible flooding Studies

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 255-256
Author(s):  
E.L. Claridge
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
Miscible Displacements ◽  
Plate Spacing ◽  
Scale Down ◽  
Rectangular Groove ◽  
Surface Tension Forces

It has been noted previously that Hele-Shaw (parallel-plate) models are better than other types of laboratory models to properly scale down miscible displacements from field size to laboratory size. In most miscible flooding processes, however, the miscible displacement is preceded or followed by an immiscible displacement in which oil or gas is trapped by water, or waterflood residual oil is reconnected by a miscible slug. This trapping and reconnection could not be simulated in a conventional parallel-plate model. parallel-plate model. Now, however, a new version of this type of model has been invented that simulates the trapping behavior of porous rock. Instead of trapping by capillary (surface tension) forces, the new model traps light fluids by density difference (Fig. 1). A model of this type can be used to simulate, for example, the tertiary recovery process in which a solvent slug (e.g., CO2) injected in a waterflooded oil field and then followed by another water drive. The particular model devised for this purpose was made of 3-in. thick, 14-in. square plates purpose was made of 3-in. thick, 14-in. square plates of Plexiglas. The top plate contained 596 pairs of 1/40-in.-diameter holes, 112 in. apart at the base, and meeting 3/4 in. deep in the plate. Vent holes 1/16in. in diameter were drilled from the other side of the plate to the junctions of these pairs. The 12- x 12-in. square perforated region was supplied with wells in a nine-spot pattern, and was sealed around the periphery by an O-ring in a rectangular groove. The plates were held a fixed distance apart by shims and bolts outside the O-ring. A typical plate spacing was 0.01 cm. After the model was filled with liquids and air was forced out of the trapping holes, the vent holes were plugged with rods. P. 255

Sweep Efficiency by Miscible Displacement in a Five-Spot

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Mahaffey ◽  
W.M. Rutherford ◽  
C.S. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Miscible Displacement ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Miscible Displacements ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Convective Mixing ◽  
Plate Spacing ◽  
Diffusion Effects

Abstract This paper gives results of an experimental study of the sweep efficiency of a miscible displacement in a five-spot. The study was carried out in a parallel-plate glass model in which effects of diffusion were scaled at or near the molecular diffusion level. The experiments show that very early breakthrough (25 to 35 per cent of pore volume (PV) injected) may be expected in miscible floods because of the unfavorable viscosity ratio. However after 1 PV of displacing fluid is injected, the sweep rises to a reasonable value (50 to 60 per cent). Photographs show that small slugs of less than 10 per cent of PV tend to dissipate before breakthrough. A minimum slug size of 15 per cent of PV would appear to be necessary even in a relatively homogeneous formation. Presence of a slug whose viscosity is intermediate between that of oil and gas increases the sweep efficiency of the oil-gas system. In a typical system the sweep at breakthrough rose from 26 to 37 per cent of PV for a 25 per cent slug. The increase in sweep brought about by use of a large slug could well pay for the extra deferment cost of the additional slug material. Introduction Most miscible displacement processes involve the displacement of oil with fluids of much lower viscosity and density. The displacement process at these adverse viscosity and density ratios is dominated by instability phenomena, i.e., viscous fingers and gravity tongues. These phenomena have highly adverse effects on oil recovery. Although a number of laboratory studies have been made to determine the effect of adverse viscosity ratios on five-spot sweep patters,1,2 the scaling of diffusion effects is uncertain. In the series of scaled model studies reported herein, an attempt was made to scale diffusion. Model studies of miscible displacements in which molecular diffusion predominates are permitted by controlling the parallel plate spacing which reduces convective mixing to arbitrarily small levels. To decide how this scaling relates to any particular field displacement necessitates an estimation of diffusion effects for the natural rock being considered and conditions under which displacement will be conducted. The approach normally taken is to extrapolate data obtained from stable miscible displacements performed in the laboratory, such as those presented by Brigham et al.3 The validity with which such an extrapolation can be applied to an unstable flow system has yet to be established. If this approach is accepted, a family of oil recovery curves can be generated for a single viscosity ratio based on Brigham's observation that the magnitude of the dispersion coefficient is dependent, among other things, upon specific rock properties. Objective of our test was to define the lower limit of this range by presenting the case where dispersion effects were reduced to the molecular diffusion level in both the transverse and longitudinal directions. The scaling of diffusion effects can be handled in two-dimensional systems by the usse of narrow-gap, parallel-plate models. In parallel-plate models the Taylor diffusion coefficient for convective mixing in the direction of flow at low flow rates is given by (following Taylor4):Equation 1 where h is the plate spacing and D is the molecular diffusion coefficient. Clearly, convective mixing can be reduced to arbitrarily small levels by manipulating the gap spacing h. This was the method used in these studies.

Application of projection-based model reduction to finite-element plate models for two-dimensional traveling waves

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1886-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya VN Sriram Malladi ◽  
Mohammad I Albakri ◽  
Serkan Gugercin ◽  
Pablo A Tarazaga
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Model Reduction ◽  
Traveling Waves ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
State Frequency ◽  
Scale Down ◽  
The Stability

A finite element (FE) model simulates an unconstrained aluminum thin plate to which four macro-fiber composites are bonded. This plate model is experimentally validated for single and multiple inputs. While a single input excitation results in the frequency response functions and operational deflection shapes, two input excitations under prescribed conditions result in tailored traveling waves. The emphasis of this article is the application of projection-based model reduction techniques to scale-down the large-scale FE plate model. Four model reduction techniques are applied and their performances are studied. This article also discusses the stability issues associated with the rigid-body modes. Furthermore, the reduced-order models are utilized to simulate the steady-state frequency and time response of the plate. The results are in agreement with the experimental and the full-scale FE model results.

scholarly journals A novel experimental approach for studying spontaneous imbibition processes with alkaline solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
T. Chevalier ◽  
J. Labaume ◽  
A. Delbos ◽  
T. Clemens ◽  
V. M. Waeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Spontaneous Imbibition ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Vienna Basin ◽  
Natural Surfactants ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Kinetics Of

Spontaneous imbibition processes can play an important role in oil production. It can be enhanced or influenced by wettability changes generated by properly designed chemicals or by the natural surfactants resulting from reactive crude oils in the presence of alkaline solutions. The reaction of basic salts with some components of oil can, indeed, lead to the formation of natural soaps that reduces the interfacial tension between oil and brine. The latter scenario is studied herein on samples and oil from the St Ulrich oil field in the Vienna basin. To that end, spontaneous imbibition experiments were performed with two brines differing by the absence or presence of alkali. We first present a general novel technique to monitor saturation changes on small rock samples for the purpose of assessing the efficiency of a given recovery process. Samples of only 15 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length and set at irreducible saturation were fully immersed in the solution of interest, and the evolution of the samples’ saturation with time was monitored thanks to a dedicated NMR technique involving the quantification of the sole oil phase present within the sample. A fully-3D imbibition configuration was adopted, involving counter-current flows through all faces of the sample. The experimental method is fast for two reasons: (i) the kinetics of capillary imbibition process is proportional to the square of sample size, i.e. very rapid if accurate measurements can be acquired on tiny samples, (ii) the present 3D situation also involves faster kinetics than the 1D configuration often used. The NMR technique was crucial to achieve such conditions that cannot be satisfied with conventional volumetric methods. The kinetics of oil desaturation during spontaneous imbibition is interpreted with the help of an analytical 3D diffusion model. For the alkaline solution, the diffusion coefficient is reduced by a factor of only two compared to the non-alkaline brine, although the interfacial tension between the oil and the imbibing solution is reduced by a factor of 10. Hence, a wettability change to a more water wet state has to be assumed when the alkaline solution replaces the non-alkaline solution in the imbibition process. However, no significant impact on the final saturation was observed.

Feasible Analytical Solutions for Electrostatic Parallel-Plate Actuator or Sensor

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Vinokur
Keyword(s):  
Quality Factor ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Nanoelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Capacitive Sensors ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Factor Effect ◽  
Close Form

This paper presents several analytical solutions for the conventional electrostatic parallel-plate model and explains the effect of the quality factor decrease with the voltage applied. Such a model is of importance in the development of electrostatic (capacitive) sensors and actuators including acoustical transducers and loudspeakers, and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). It serves to reveal and interpret the basic phenomena (in particular, the “pull-in” instability and “negative spring” effect) but there is still some room for new effects and analytical results, although the model is nonlinear and provides rather computational than comprehensible close-form relationships as “negative quality factor effect” described in this paper. The new results obtained can be supportive to analyze, test, and design electrostatic sensors and actuators.

Fluid Flow and Solute Transport though a Fracture Intersecting a Canister - Analytical Solutions for the Parallel Plate Model

2003 ◽  
Vol 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Liu ◽  
I. Neretnieks
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Single Fracture ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
Specific Scenario

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we are concerned with a specific scenario where a large fracture intersects, at its center, a canister that contains spent nuclear fuel. Assuming that a nuclide is free to release from the canister into groundwater flowing through the fracture, a detailed formulation of the volumetric flow rate and the equivalent flow rate are made for the parallel plate model. The formulas proposed have been validated by numerical examinations; they are not only simple in forms but also universal in applications where the flow may be taken normal, inclined or parallel to the axis of the canister. Of great importance, they provide a convenient way to predict the average properties of fluid flow and solute transport through a single fracture with spatially variable apertures.

scholarly journals Parallel plate model for trabecular bone exhibits volume fraction-dependent bias

Bone ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S Day ◽  
M Ding ◽  
A Odgaard ◽  
D.R Sumner ◽  
I Hvid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Plate Model

scholarly journals Factors influencing electrochemically enhanced sacrificial anode phosphate recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Zhou ◽  
Gang Zhang ◽  
Haijian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Process ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Sacrificial Anode ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Plate Spacing ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Phosphate Recovery ◽  
Operational Factors ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

The recovery of phosphate from wastewater has been attracting increasing attention. In this study, the technology of an electrochemically enhanced sacrificial anode was applied to investigate the phosphate recovery process from sewage. The experimental results indicated that, when residence times ranged from 20 to 120 s, and phosphate removal efficiencies ranged from 24.65% to 95.27%. When the current density ranged from 10 to 70 A/m2, the phosphate removal efficiencies ranged from 56.73% to 95.17%. When the plate spacing ranged from 1 to 5 cm, the phosphate removal efficiencies ranged from 83.48% to 9.48%. The experimental results confirm the conclusions of this study about controlling operational factors in practical applications to increase phosphate removal efficiencies.

Modelling Processing of Unfilled and Long-Glass Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics in a Screw-Barrel Unit

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moguedet ◽  
J. Balcaen ◽  
Y. Be´reaux ◽  
J.-Y. Charmeau
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Fluid ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Polymer Processing ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Reinforced Thermoplastics

In injection moulding, long glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics (LGFT) are an attractive way to produce large parts at low cost. The strength of the part depends chiefly on the average fibre length, fibres which are subjected to considerable attrition during processing in conventional three stage screws. First of all, in this study we have coupled a melting analysis in a conventional screw to a model of fibre breakage whereby a fibre anchored at one end in the solid bed is submitted, at its other end, to the intense shear stress of the molten polymer flowing in the film close to the barrel. As the melting of the solid bed progresses, more fibres are unlayered and submitted to bending which intensity is depending on both the fibre length and orientation. When the bending is too high, the fibre breaks. Bimodal fibre length distribution are obtained and compared to existing data. The sensibility of the model to main processing parameters such as screw rotation, initial fibre length, viscosity, barrel temperature and screw geometry are also investigated. Next, we present a new analytical solution for flow of a viscous fluid in a single screw channel that takes into account the torsion and curvature of the channel. Contrary to common knowledge in polymer processing based on the Parallel Plate Model, we found that, in the case of cross-sections with large aspect ratio, torsion effects can be significant. The implication of the model on velocity field, residence time and mixing efficiency is investigated and compared to the predictions of the classical Parallel Plate Model, to finite elements calculations, and to 3D experimental measurements. Indeed, an innovating device has been developed in our laboratory to visualize the flow of a viscous fluid in the channel of a screw. It consists of a transparent barrel and of a rotating screw, pumping a transparent viscous fluid at room temperature. A particle plunged in the flow is constantly monitored by four video-cameras placed around the barrel and recording its position in a frame. The 3D path lines are then computed.

Formation resistivity variation due to steam flooding: A log study

Geophysics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Ranganayaki ◽  
S. E. Akturk ◽  
S. M. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Steam Flooding ◽  
Resistivity Logs ◽  
Resistivity Variation ◽  
Steam Flood ◽  
Formation Resistivity ◽  
Production Pattern

An investigation of the pre‐ and poststeam resistivity logs, in a production pattern in a heavy‐oil field in Southern California, shows that the formation resistivity in steamed formations decreases by a factor of two to three. Shales as well as sands are affected by the steam flood. The observed drop in the resistivity of the reservoir correlates well with the increase in temperature. The study shows the potential of using resistivity variations to map and monitor thermal enhanced oil recovery process.

The loghyperbolic: An alternative to the lognormal for modeling oil field size distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Javad Seyedghasemipour ◽  
B. B. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Field Size Distribution
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