Realizing Value from Adherence to Crude Oil Custody Transfer Automatic Sampling Standards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Potten
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
High Energy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Automatic Sampling

Abstract The successful implementation of a crude oil custody transfer sampling system is a key component to achieving a desired measurement uncertainty for a crude oil metering station or loading/unloading point. Our analysis of thousands of installations worldwide provides practical examples of how operators can be confident that when they install a sampling system, it will deliver the uncertainty that they need to meet the overall custody transfer requirements. Crude oil sampling for custody transfer becomes more challenging as production flow rates decline, oil fields mature, and water cut content increases. It is therefore important that the performance of a sampling system is evaluated on a regular basis and that any limitations are identified. Any risk of change in performance or measurement uncertainty can then be prioritized or minimized. International standards and contracts determine the allowable uncertainty for net oil (oil minus water) for custody transfer/allocation. For accurate allocation of the sources of crude oil or the application of tax tariffs, fluids must be measured prior to being comingled. Automatic crude oil sampling can be challenging because it can require high-energy mixing with low power consumption and negligible pressure loss to overcome stratification and allow representative sampling. The certification, or "proving", of the sampling system provides a basis for establishing and verifying the system's true uncertainty at worst case conditions. There is an abundance of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and studies on crude oil (and water) mixing. However, these are abstract because of the uncertainty in where the water is located and how it may be dispersed at the boundary conditions of any simulation. To provide more robust simulations, we expanded on the established methods by combining simulation data with known theoretical calculations and engineering laboratory test data as well as hundreds of certifications (proving) results from around the world. Automatic sampling systems using dynamic mixing technology delivers a unique solution that enables operators to minimize the quality measurement uncertainty, improve overall balance, and reduce financial loss (and unaccounted for) in custody transfer quality measurements.

Development Project of an Automatic Sampling System for Part Time Unmanned Pipeline Terminals

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme O. Moreira ◽  
Ma´rcio M. G. de Almeida ◽  
Ricardo R. Ramos ◽  
Gary Potten
Keyword(s):  
Technical Specification ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Quality Control Standard ◽  
Automatic Sampling

The Sa˜o Paulo–Brasi´lia Pipeline was designed and constructed to be highly automated and is remotely operated by the National Pipeline Control Center in Rio de Janeiro. The terminals along the pipeline are largely unmanned nights and weekends. The PETROBRAS quality control standard establishes practices for tracking, sampling and analyzing product batches transported through the pipeline. A prototype of an automatic sampling system was designed to collect up to ten flow proportional and or instantaneous (“spot”) samples of different product batches transported through the pipeline for any given programmed schedule. This would eliminate the need for operators to be present at the terminals during weekends, holidays and night time to manually collect samples. This paper describes the successful implementation of this project from technical specification of the development of an Automatic Sampling System, the solutions proposed for its special features, the main characteristics of the Technical Cooperation Agreement (TCA) used to develop it and the systematic approach used for design, and factory / field testing phases.

scholarly journals Insights on forming N,O-coordinated Cu single-atom catalysts for electrochemical reduction CO2 to methane

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanming Cai ◽  
Jiaju Fu ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Yu-Chung Chang ◽  
Qianhao Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Faradaic Efficiency ◽  
High Energy Barrier ◽  
Catalytic Sites ◽  
Electron Reduction ◽  
First Time

AbstractSingle-atom catalysts (SACs) are promising candidates to catalyze electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) due to maximized atomic utilization. However, products are usually limited to CO instead of hydrocarbons or oxygenates due to unfavorable high energy barrier for further electron transfer on synthesized single atom catalytic sites. Here we report a novel partial-carbonization strategy to modify the electronic structures of center atoms on SACs for lowering the overall endothermic energy of key intermediates. A carbon-dots-based SAC margined with unique CuN2O2 sites was synthesized for the first time. The introduction of oxygen ligands brings remarkably high Faradaic efficiency (78%) and selectivity (99% of ECR products) for electrochemical converting CO2 to CH4 with current density of 40 mA·cm-2 in aqueous electrolytes, surpassing most reported SACs which stop at two-electron reduction. Theoretical calculations further revealed that the high selectivity and activity on CuN2O2 active sites are due to the proper elevated CH4 and H2 energy barrier and fine-tuned electronic structure of Cu active sites.

Flowmetering in the Oil Industry

1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Gold
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Different Types

The article traces the use of flowmeters in the production and processing of crude oil and its refined products. Emphasis is placed on meters used for accounting purposes and wherever possible, the significance of measurement uncertainty at the various stages of oil production is expressed in financial terms. The article concludes that improved measurement accuracy is more likely to be achieved from improved calibration and operating procedures than from the use of different types of flowmeters.

scholarly journals Carbon Substitution on N24Cages: Crossover between Triangular and Hexagonal Structures

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Carrie Sanders ◽  
Douglas L. Strout
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Cylindrical Structures ◽  
High Energy Materials ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Carbon Substitution ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Carbon Inclusion

Complex forms of nitrogen are of interest for their potential as high-energy materials, but many all-nitrogen systems lack the stability for practical high-energy applications. Inclusion of carbon atoms in an otherwise all-nitrogen structure can increase stability. Nitrogen cages are known for energetically preferring cylindrical structures with triangular endcaps, but carbon cages prefer the pentagon-hexagon structure of the fullerenes. Previous calculations on N22C2have shown that carbon inclusion narrows the gap between triangular and fullerene-like structures. In the current study, three isomers of N24are used as frameworks for carbon substitution. Theoretical calculations are carried out on isomers of N20C4, N18C6, and N16C8, with the goal of determining what level of carbon substitution causes the carbon fullerene-like structures to become energetically preferred.

Centrifugal Gas Compressors Energy Optimization Initiatives: A Way to Save Valuable Energy at Upstream Operation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdo Alwani ◽  
Mohammed Ahmad Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Saving Energy ◽  
Discharge Pressure

Abstract The objective of this paper is to showcase successful and innovative means and techniques to improve and enhance centrifugal gas compressors (CGCs) performance, using methods to minimize power consumption, with no need for capital investment. These techniques will assure, if effectively followed, considerable reduction of the consumed energy. CGCs are the most widely used equipment in the oil and gas industry to boost gas, mainly hydrocarbons, to satisfy process treatments and pipeline requirements. In addition, CGCs are one of the major energy consumers, and therefore present an exceptional opportunity for saving energy. Focusing on lowering inlet gas temperatures, considering suction throttling of discharge pressure instead of the traditional discharge throttling, will help to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, a detailed analysis of factors aggravate or lead to undesired CGCs performance will be discussed along with solutions to minimize adverse impact. For example, operating the gas compressors at relatively high inlet temperature will result in higher energy consumption. After performing need analysis, results prove that we would save 3-7% of running compressors consumed energy. In addition, during compressor design phase, it was found that most motor driven compressor system uses discharge throttling, which incurs high-energy consumption. Instead, it is recommended to consider suction throttling to control discharge pressure, as will be explained. This paper will focus on a detailed case study in one of the running CGCs in an upstream gas-oil separation plant (GOSP-A). This paper proves the effectiveness of the proposed techniques in reinstating the CGCs in GOSP-A, to ensure better performance and save energy. This innovative technique is based on extensive process data analysis — evaluating operating, design data, related performance curves, and reviewing international standards. It will be illustrated that this type of analysis and techniques is a valuable tool for saving energy, in most cases, at oil and gas industries

Measurement of ionization loss of 50 GeV protons in silicon with smoothly tunable up to 1 cm thickness using a single flat detector

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. P01015
Author(s):  
R.M. Nazhmudinov ◽  
A.V. Shchagin ◽  
A.S. Kubankin ◽  
A.G. Afonin ◽  
G.I. Britvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Silicon Detector ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Silicon Detectors ◽  
Arbitrary Angle ◽  
Ionization Loss ◽  
Flat Detector ◽  
High Energy Particles ◽  
Relativistic Particles

Abstract Research of the ionization loss of 50 GeV protons, the path of which in the depleted layer of the silicon detector was smoothly regulated in the range from 0.3 to 10 mm, is presented. In the experiment, we used a flat silicon detector with a fixed thickness of the depleted layer of 300 μm. The smooth regulation of the path was realized due to the variation of the angle between the surface of the detector and the incident proton beam. The comparison of experimental data and theoretical calculations of the ionization loss demonstrates agreement in all range of thicknesses. Results of the research can be used in order to control the angle between the surface of the detector and the incident beam of relativistic particles. Besides, the results can be used in the analysis of data from astrophysical silicon detectors of charged particles if high-energy particles crossed flat detectors at arbitrary angle.

scholarly journals Alternatives to the Existence of Large Cooling Flows

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 232-239
Author(s):  
Wallace Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Brightness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Central Peak ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cooling Time ◽  
Radiative Cooling ◽  
Massive Black Hole ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooling Flows

AbstractArguments against the existence of large scale cooling flows in clusters of galaxies are presented. The evidence for cooling flows is all circumstantial, consisting of observations of cool gas or hot gas with a radiative cooling time less than the Hubble time, or a central peak in the x-ray surface brightness profile. There is no evidence for large quantities (several tens to several hundreds of solar masses per year) of matter actually flowing anywhere. On the contrary, several lines of evidence — stellar dynamics, observations of the amount of star formation, x-ray surface brightness observations, theoretical calculations of the growth of thermal instabilities, the amount of cold gas — suggest that cooling flows, if they exist, must be suppressed by one to two orders of magnitude from the values implied by simple estimates based on the radiative cooling time of the x-ray emitting gas. Two heat sources which might accomplish this — thermal conduction and relativistic particles, are considered and an alternative to the standard model for cooling flows is presented: an accretion flow with feedback wherein the accretion of gas into a massive black hole in the central galaxy generates high energy particles that heat the gas and act to limit the accretion.

Nonequilibrium effects in α-particle-induced reactions in Cs and I

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M K Bhardwaj ◽  
I A Rizvi ◽  
A K Chaubey
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Equilibrium Geometry ◽  
Activation Technique ◽  
Excitation Functions ◽  
Stacked Foil Activation Technique

The excitation functions for the reactions 127I(α,n)130Cs, 127I(α,2n)129Cs, 127I(α,4n)127Cs, 133Cs(α,2n)135La, and 133Cs(α,4n)133La have been measured up to 50 MeV alpha-particle energy using the stacked-foil activation technique and Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectroscopy. The measured cross sections were compared with theoretical calculations considering equilibrium as well as the pre-equilibrium geometry-dependent hybrid models of Blann. The high-energy tails of the excitation functions show a substantial contribution from pre-equilibrium emission. A general agreement is observed between the experimental results and theoretical predictions with an initial exciton configuration n0 = 4(2n + 2p + 0h).PACS No. 25.40-h

Determination of the Inelastic Mean-Free-Path and Mean Inner Potential for AlAs and GaAs Using Off-Axis Electron Holography and Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suk Chung ◽  
David J. Smith ◽  
Martha R. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Beam Electron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Inelastic Mean Free Path

The mean-free-paths for inelastic scattering of high-energy electrons (200 keV) for AlAs and GaAs have been determined based on a comparison of thicknesses as measured by electron holography and convergent-beam electron diffraction. The measured values are 77 ± 4 nm and 67 ± 4 nm for AlAs and GaAs, respectively. Using these values, the mean inner potentials of AlAs and GaAs were then determined, from a total of 15 separate experimental measurements, to be 12.1 ± 0.7 V and 14.0 ± 0.6 V, respectively. These latter measurements show good agreement with recent theoretical calculations within experimental error.

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