Development Project of an Automatic Sampling System for Part Time Unmanned Pipeline Terminals

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme O. Moreira ◽  
Ma´rcio M. G. de Almeida ◽  
Ricardo R. Ramos ◽  
Gary Potten
Keyword(s):  
Technical Specification ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Quality Control Standard ◽  
Automatic Sampling

The Sa˜o Paulo–Brasi´lia Pipeline was designed and constructed to be highly automated and is remotely operated by the National Pipeline Control Center in Rio de Janeiro. The terminals along the pipeline are largely unmanned nights and weekends. The PETROBRAS quality control standard establishes practices for tracking, sampling and analyzing product batches transported through the pipeline. A prototype of an automatic sampling system was designed to collect up to ten flow proportional and or instantaneous (“spot”) samples of different product batches transported through the pipeline for any given programmed schedule. This would eliminate the need for operators to be present at the terminals during weekends, holidays and night time to manually collect samples. This paper describes the successful implementation of this project from technical specification of the development of an Automatic Sampling System, the solutions proposed for its special features, the main characteristics of the Technical Cooperation Agreement (TCA) used to develop it and the systematic approach used for design, and factory / field testing phases.

Realizing Value from Adherence to Crude Oil Custody Transfer Automatic Sampling Standards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Potten
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
High Energy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Automatic Sampling

Abstract The successful implementation of a crude oil custody transfer sampling system is a key component to achieving a desired measurement uncertainty for a crude oil metering station or loading/unloading point. Our analysis of thousands of installations worldwide provides practical examples of how operators can be confident that when they install a sampling system, it will deliver the uncertainty that they need to meet the overall custody transfer requirements. Crude oil sampling for custody transfer becomes more challenging as production flow rates decline, oil fields mature, and water cut content increases. It is therefore important that the performance of a sampling system is evaluated on a regular basis and that any limitations are identified. Any risk of change in performance or measurement uncertainty can then be prioritized or minimized. International standards and contracts determine the allowable uncertainty for net oil (oil minus water) for custody transfer/allocation. For accurate allocation of the sources of crude oil or the application of tax tariffs, fluids must be measured prior to being comingled. Automatic crude oil sampling can be challenging because it can require high-energy mixing with low power consumption and negligible pressure loss to overcome stratification and allow representative sampling. The certification, or "proving", of the sampling system provides a basis for establishing and verifying the system's true uncertainty at worst case conditions. There is an abundance of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and studies on crude oil (and water) mixing. However, these are abstract because of the uncertainty in where the water is located and how it may be dispersed at the boundary conditions of any simulation. To provide more robust simulations, we expanded on the established methods by combining simulation data with known theoretical calculations and engineering laboratory test data as well as hundreds of certifications (proving) results from around the world. Automatic sampling systems using dynamic mixing technology delivers a unique solution that enables operators to minimize the quality measurement uncertainty, improve overall balance, and reduce financial loss (and unaccounted for) in custody transfer quality measurements.

Field Testing of OSBRA 964 km Pipeline Leak Detection System

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma´rcio Manha˜es G. de Almeida ◽  
Andre P. Kotchetkoff Neto ◽  
Adilson S. Mendonc¸a ◽  
Ricardo R. Alvarez ◽  
Marcello P. Castro
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbon ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Tank Farm

OSBRA is the 964 Km pipeline which supplies over 6.000.000 m3/year of gasoline, diesel oil and LPG to Brazil Mid-West region. Products on OSBRA pipeline are pumped on 24 hours a day and 365 days a year scheduled basis from Planalto Paulista Refinary – REPLAN to 5 midsize cities through 6 remote operated pumping stations located along the pipeline. OSBRA pipeline operation including pumping, valve operation and tank farm monitoring are done remotely from PETROBRAS Transporte S/A – TRANSPETRO Pipeline Control Center - CCO. A real time leak detection system (LDS) was supplied and installed at this Pipeline Control Center. The LDS is based on measurements of flow, pressure and density as well as pump and valve status along the pipeline. A SCADA was implemented and field instrumentation measurements were observed in order to provide good quality data for the pipeline operation and its LDS. Assembling of some field instruments were improved in order to correct measurement fails. On-desk simulations were done in order to verify theoretical system performance and operation team was trained to use the leak detection tool. A field controlled leak simulation test was done in order to validate and verify the System performance. This apparently simple task demanded around 1 year for planning and implementation before test was done. The approach of this report is mainly operational and shows how the OSBRA LDS test was planned, programmed, commissioned and performed. Coordination and integration of Operation, Maintenance, Pipeline, Engineering, Safety, Telecommunication and Logistic teams are demonstrated in order to get good results. Field activities like designing and assembling of spools and instrumentations necessary to execute a controlled pipeline liquid hydrocarbon take off are showed. Safety and environmental precautions to avoid equipment damage, uncontrolled operation or product leak to environment are demonstrated.

Methods for Quality Assessment in Enterprise VoIP Communications

2013 ◽  
pp. 154-170
Author(s):  
Filipe Neves ◽  
Salviano Soares ◽  
Pedro Assunção ◽  
Filipe Tavares ◽  
Simão Cardeal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Voice Communications ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Networking Technology

In the last few years there has been a dramatic development in voice communications technology with a significant move towards Voice over the Internet Protocol (VoIP). However, since IP was primarily designed for best-effort networking technology, good quality conversation and intelligibility are not always guaranteed. In this chapter, the authors address the most relevant methods used to evaluate the voice quality in the communications context of modern enterprises, where VoIP is used as an emerging technology with impact in their activity. Relevant factors for service providers and enterprises using VoIP technology are described, such as those related to the measurement of intelligibility and with impact on the overall voice communications quality. In addition, the most important voice quality evaluation methods recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are presented in this chapter, along with the main features that can be used to improve voice communications. Fundamental concepts behind voice quality evaluation models are highlighted, such as intrusive, non-intrusive, objective, subjective, and parametric methods. After addressing the most relevant theoretical and methodological aspects, a recent application of voice quality monitoring for VoIP communications is described as the result of a research and development project. After its successful implementation, this monitoring system is now fully operational and integrated in voice quality assessment equipment currently in the market.

Slow-Roll of 40-MW Condensing-Extraction Steam Turbines in a 420-MW Cogeneration Plant

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Ingistov ◽  
Michael Milos ◽  
Rakesh K. Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Turbine Generators ◽  
Rotor Design ◽  
Slow Roll ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Mode Of Operation

This paper describes efforts required to operate a cogeneration facility's extraction-condensing steam turbine generators with flexible rotor design on a slow-roll mode of operation (also called true stand-by). Slow-roll mode of operation became necessary due to changing steam demand from the host refinery, resulting in decreased performance of the steam turbine generators and their associated economic losses. Design modifications implemented to achieve slow-roll of steam turbine generators without affecting reliability and availability of the entire cogeneration facility are discussed in this paper. Successful implementation of the design modifications was demonstrated via extensive field testing on two steam turbine generator units during the summer of 2011. A simple life cycle economic analysis shows the payback period for the project is approximately seven months.

DIRECTIONS OF USE OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM OF CONTROL AND ANALYSIS OF SPACE SITUATION IN THE INTERESTS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
O. Chernyavsky
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Structural Scheme ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Space Objects ◽  
Analysis System

The paper analyzes the directions for using information from the Space Situation Control and Analysis System (SSCAS) in the interests of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. A list of national sources of information for the analysis of the space situation is provided. These include: separate radiotechnical units (SRUs), optical and optoelectronic devices (OODs), means of ground automated control circuit of spacecraft (GACCOS), radio and radio intelligence points. The analysis of the functional capabilities of the available means of observation was carried out, the main directions of their modernization were determined for use in the needs of SSCAS. As part of the study, an analysis of the improvement of quality factors that influencing the decision of the problem of outer space control and the analysis of the space environment was conducted. The task of developing new methods and methods for the identification of space objects and their use in existing radio engineering complexes. Indicators of the successful implementation of SSCAS tasks are determined. The article presents the structural scheme of the national SSCAS, the scheme of information flows in SSCAS, the structural scheme of the interaction of the subsystems of the control center of outer space (CCOS) with the organization of maintenance and maintenance of catalogs of space objects (SO), the structural scheme of the model of the integration of measuring information in the multiposition radar system (MRS). The task of detecting the start of hostilities in space remains relevant in our time, not to mention the short term.

Slow-Roll of 40 MW Condensing-Extraction Steam Turbines in a 420 MW Cogeneration Plant

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Ingistov ◽  
Michael Milos ◽  
Rakesh K. Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Turbine Generators ◽  
Rotor Design ◽  
Slow Roll ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Mode Of Operation

This paper describes efforts required to operate condensing-extraction steam turbine generators with flexible rotor design on a slow-roll (also called, true stand-by) mode of operation. This mode of operation became necessary as a result of changing steam demand from the refinery and the resulting decreased performance of the existing steam turbine generators and the associated economic losses for the cogeneration facility. Design modifications implemented to achieve slow-roll of steam turbine generators and produce maximum power output obtainable with new steam flow conditions without affecting reliability and availability of the entire cogeneration facility are discussed in this paper. Successful implementation of the proposed design approach was demonstrated through extensive field testing completed in the summer of 2011. A simple life cycle economic analysis shows that the payback period associated with the proposed design modifications implemented to two steam turbine generators at the plant is approximately six (6) months.

MULTI-SITE AEROSOL MONITORING USING MINI STEP SAMPLER

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Matsuyama ◽  
K. Katoh ◽  
S. Sugihara ◽  
K. Ishii ◽  
H. Yamazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Aerosol Sampling ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Simultaneous Exposure ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Suction Nozzle

We developed mini step samplers with low manufacturing and running costs for application in multi-site air-pollution monitoring. The miniaturization of the sampler was achieved by reducing the suction nozzle size. We tested the samplers with suction nozzle diameters of 2 and 4 mm through simultaneous exposure in the same site. Elemental concentrations of aerosol collected by these samplers were consistent within ±20% during comparison and the sample uniformity did not differ significantly. Sampling with small suction nozzle did not adversely affect aerosol collection. Aerosol samples were collected simultaneously at two sites in our laboratory and in the hall outside for 3 days and analyzed subsequently by PIXE. The time variation of elemental concentrations was high during daytime and low at night time and also during the weekend. Elemental concentrations in the hall were always higher than those in the laboratory. In our laboratory, we change shoes at the entrance and therefore, elemental concentrations inside the lab are lower than in the hall. In a second field experiment, we carried out simultaneous multi-site aerosol sampling during two periods in correlation with meteorological data (wind direction and velocity). It was observed that elemental concentrations of some soil origin elements changed periodically. On the other hand, the concentration of Cu and Zn showed irregular concentration spikes whose pattern showed a variation with the sites. Analysis using the data of wind directions showed that Cu had been transported to the sites from northeasterly direction and that the concentration of Zn was influenced by two big factories nearby. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the multi-site sampling system combined with meteorological data is well suited to identify sources of pollution.

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