Design of Laboratory Studies to Develop the Chemical Formulation for Surfactant-Polymer Flooding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Gospodarev ◽  
Igor Lymar ◽  
Aleksandra Rakutko ◽  
Anastasia Antuseva ◽  
Dmitry Tkachev
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Static Adsorption ◽  
Reservoir Models ◽  
Surfactant Solutions

Abstract Nowadays, chemical EOR methods are becoming more and more relevant, among which the alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding is of particular interest. The efficiency of this technology largely depends on the correct choice of the components of chemical formulation, which should be based on a set of laboratory experiments carried out in a given sequence. This paper presents a methodological approach to laboratory studies in order to develop an optimal surfactant-polymer formulation, taking into account the geological and physical characteristics of the target field and the properties of reservoir fluids. The experimental part of the research work was carried out in several stages, involving the analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of reservoir oil, the screening studies of surfactant and polymer samples, as well as a series of coreflood tests with a selected chemical formulation on the terrigenous reservoir models. During screening studies, the solubility and compatibility of the chemical components, the phase behavior of surfactant solutions with oil at different salinity values and water-oil ratios, static adsorption of chemicals on the rock and their thermal stability at reservoir temperature were investigated. Optimization of the chemical formulation was based on the results of IFT measurements of the surfactant solutions and rheological studies of the polymer solutions. At the stage of coreflood tests, physical simulation of the surfactant-polymer flooding was carried out on reservoir models using natural core material in order to optimize the composition and slug size of the developed chemical formulation. The obtained results of the displacement experiment were matched by numerical 1D simulation. Based on the results of the studies performed, an effective surfactant-polymer formulation has been designed, which provides the ultra-low IFT (2.8·10−4 mN/m) values and the ability to form stable middle-phase microemulsions when interacting with oil. The findings of thermal stability and static adsorption experiments confirmed a feasibility of selected chemicals for practical application. Within the framework of the study, the key technical parameters of proposed formulation were determined, which are required for up-scaled simulation study of the chemical flooding process at pilot site.

Elaboration of weatherproof steel 06гн3мд for structures of bridges exploited in coastal zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 811-819
Author(s):  
G. A. Kunitsin ◽  
А. А. Pridein ◽  
O. V. Samokhina ◽  
D. V. Nizhel’skii ◽  
E. M. Gitman
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Climate Conditions

At present decreasing of costs and increasing of efficiency are the most priority directions in any industry. Developing in this way, JSC “Ural steel” together with FGUP “CNIIchermet after I.P. Barding” had mastered production of sheet metal product with increased resistivity against atmosphere corrosion made of steel 14ХГНДЦ for construction of bridges. Because of specific chemical composition of the steel, in the process of metal structures running in the open air, a solid strong oxide film is formed on the metal of the structures which prevents further corrosion without painting. For bridge builders elimination of costly operation of painting of span structures will enable to decrease considerably the costs of bridges construction and running. Having many advantages, steel 14ХГНДЦ has some restrictions in applications for steel structures without painting, as follows: - in sea zone according to domestic norms no close than 500 m from coastline; - in case of disorderly conditions of protective film formation and/or application of salt solutions for surface cleaning (as a rule the restrictions refer to traffic area of bridge span). In view of that for JSC “Ural Steel”, as the leading producer of bridge steel in Russia, an actual task erose: to elaborate and create a weatherproof steel, which could not only operate the whole period of a bridge running without additional protection at bridges con­struction through sea areas or close to coastline, but also withstand severe climate conditions of our country, including areas of High North with temperature lower -50°С. To solve the task together with OJSC “Institute Giprostroymost” and JSC BNIIZhT, a research work was accomplished to elaborate a system of alloying new steel 06ГН3МД with nickel content ~3.0 %, as well as production modes ensuring required corrosion resistance for operation in sea zone. Results of laboratory studies of the new weatherproof steel 06ГН3МД for application in bridge  structures for coastal conditions and sea areas presented. Results of mechanical, technological, corrosion as well as fatigue tests of rolling products of the elaborated steel presented. It was established by laboratory studies that the new steel is weatherproofed and ensures lower corrosion losses, higher impact toughness at negative temperatures and plasticity comparing with steels used at present. It was shown that the strength class, technology and modes of factory welding of steel 06ГН3МД meet the  requirements to steel span structures of bridges. Base on the results of the studies, the chemical composition of the steel 06ГН3МД was specified, as well as modes of heat treatment, ensuring the required characteristics with significant acceding. It was established that samples of the new steel 06ГН3МД showed considerably higher corrosion resistance - in average by 20% comparing with steel 14ХГНДЦ. At that corrosion resistance tests of welded joints of the new steel showed even higher resistance of the seam comparing with the basic metal, which speaks about quality selection of welding modes and welding materials.

Studies on radionuclide transport behaviour–The next generation of in-situ experiments at the Grimsel Test Site

2009 ◽  
Vol 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew James Martin ◽  
Ingo Blechschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Grimsel Test Site ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Colloid Formation

AbstractTwo recent ongoing major projects at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS) (www.grimsel.com) that were initiated to simulate the long-term behaviour of radionuclides in the repository near-field and the surrounding host rock are presented: the Colloid Formation and Migration (CFM) project, which focuses on colloid generation and migration from a bentonite source doped with radionuclides and the Long-Term Diffusion (LTD) project, which aims at in-situ verification and understanding of the processes that control the long-term diffusion of repository-relevant radionuclides. So far, the CFM project has principally involved: development and implementation of a state-of-the-art sealing concept to control hydraulic gradients in a shear zone to imitate repository-relevant conditions; extensive laboratory studies to examine bentonite erosion and colloid formation in a shear zone; and, development of models to estimate colloid formation and migration. The next stage will be to assess the behavior of bentonite colloids generated from a radionuclide spiked bentonite source-term emplaced into the controlled flow field of the shear zone. This will be coupled with further extensive laboratory studies in order to refine and evaluate the colloid models currently used in performance assessments. The LTD project consists of: a monopole diffusion experiment where weakly sorbing and non-sorbing radionuclides (3H, 22Na, 131I, 134Cs) have been circulating and diffusing into undisturbed rock matrix since June 2007; experiments to characterise pore space geometry, including determination of in-situ porosity with 14C doped MMA resin for comparison with laboratory derived data; a study of natural tracers to elucidate evidence of long-term diffusion processes; and, an investigation of the in-situ matrix diffusion paths in core material from earlier GTS experiments. Future experiments will focus on diffusion processes starting from a water-conducting feature under realistic boundary conditions.

Features of the preanalytic stage of clinical and laboratory studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vladimirovna Inozemtseva
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Studies ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic

The article presents the results of research work on optimizing the work of middle medical personnel at the Samara Cardiological Dispensary during the preanalytic stage of clinical diagnostic studies. The importance and expediency of the development and implementation of a memo on compliance with the requirements of the preanalytical stage of clinical and laboratory research in the practice of nurses is emphasized.

Development of Technologies on Innovative-Simplified Nuclear Power Plant Using High-Efficiency Steam Injector: Part 14—Cooling Characteristics of the Particulate Core Material Debris Accumulated in Horizontal Narrow Gap

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hirao ◽  
G. Su ◽  
K. Sugiyama ◽  
T. Narabayashi ◽  
M. Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Supply ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Metal Debris ◽  
The Core

When LOCA occurs in proposed nuclear reactor systems, the coolability of the core would be kept by the SI core injection system and therefore the probability of the core meltdown is negligible small. In this research work, we make it clear that the coolability of the RPV bottom is secured even if a part of the core should melt and a substantial amount of debris should be deposited on the lower plenum. In this report, we examined experimentally the coolability of the RPV bottom that a Zircaloy-based loose debris layer is deposited on. We set up a heat supply section made by SUS304 on the loose debris layer and measured the heat flux released into the loose debris bed and the temperature at the lower surface of the heat supply section. In addition, we measured the temperature distribution at the bottom of the loose debris bed. It became clear in this study that the coolability depends on the amount of coolant supplied, and the hot spot would not occur when coolant is supplied. Even if a hotspot should occur in the oxidization of loose metal debris accompanied with rapid heat generation. It is found that when a small amount of coolant can be supplied, it disappears because of a high capillary force of oxidized loose debris. So it is confirmed that the soundness of RPV is basically maintained.

Modelling and Simulation of Heterogeneous and Anisotropic Formations using Advanced Fractal Reservoir Models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piroska Lorinczi ◽  
Paul Glover ◽  
Al-Zainaldin Saud ◽  
Saddam Sinan ◽  
George Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Modelling And Simulation ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Reservoir Models ◽  
Wide Range

<p>Energy and carbon-efficient exploitation, management, and remediation of subsurface aquifers, gas and oil resources, CO<sub>2</sub>-disposal sites, and energy storage reservoirs all require high quality modelling and simulation. The heterogeneity and anisotropy of such subsurface formations has always been a challenge to modellers, with the best current technology not being able to deal with variations at scales of less than about 30-50 m. Most formations exhibit heterogeneities and anisotropy which result in variations of the petrophysical properties controlling fluid flow down to millimetre scale and below. These variations are apparent in well-logs and core material, but cannot be characterised in the inter-well volume which makes up the great majority of the formation.</p><p>This paper describes a new fractal approach to the modelling and simulation of heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifers and reservoirs. This approach includes data at all scales such that it can represent the heterogeneity of the reservoir correctly at each scale.</p><p>Advanced Fractal Reservoir Models (AFRMs) in 3D can be produced using our code. These AFRMs can be used to model fluid flow in formations generically to understand the effects of an imposed degree of heterogeneity and anisotropy, or can be conditioned to match the characteristics of real aquifers and reservoirs. This paper will show how 3D AFRMs can be created such that they represent critical petrophysical parameters, as well as how fractal 3D porosity and permeability maps, synthetic poro-perm cross-plots, water saturation maps and relative permeability curves can all be calculated. It will also show how quantitative controlled variation of heterogeneity and anisotropy of generic models affects fluid flow. We also show how AFRMs can be conditioned to represent real reservoirs, and how they provide a much better simulated fluid flow than the current best technology.</p><p>Results of generic modelling and simulation with AFRMs show how total hydrocarbon production, hydrocarbon production rate, water cut and the time to water breakthrough all depend strongly on heterogeneity, and also depend upon anisotropy. Modelling with different degrees and directions of anisotropy shows how critical hydrocarbon production data depends on the direction of the anisotropy, and how that changes over the lifetime of the reservoir.</p><p>Advanced fractal reservoir models are of greatest utility if they can be conditioned to represent individual reservoirs. We have developed a method for matching AFRMs to aquifer and reservoir data across a wide range of scales that exceeds the range of scales currently used in such modelling. We show a hydrocarbon production case study which compares the hydrocarbon production characteristics of such an approach to a conventional krigging approach. The comparison shows that modelling of hydrocarbon production is appreciably improved when AFRMs are used, especially if heterogeneity and anisotropy are high. In this study AFRMs in moderate to high heterogeneity reservoirs always provided results within 5% of the reference case, while the conventional approach resulted in massive systematic underestimations of production rate by over 70%.</p>

Strength Analyses of Sandwich Pipes for Ultra Deepwaters

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Segen Farid Estefen ◽  
Theodoro Antoun Netto ◽  
Ilson Paranhos Pasqualino
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mechanical Resistance

Design requirements for pipelines regarding both ultimate strength and flow assurance in ultra deepwater scenarios motivated the development of a new sandwich pipe which is able to combine high structural and thermal insulation properties. In this concept, the annulus is filled with low cost materials with adequate thermal insulation properties and good mechanical resistance. The aim of this research work is to perform small-scale laboratorial tests and to develop a finite element model to evaluate the structural performance of such sandwich pipes with two different options of core material. After calibrated in view of the experimental results, a three-dimensional finite element model incorporating nonlinear geometric and material behavior is employed to perform strength analyses of sandwich pipes under combined external pressure and longitudinal bending. Ultimate strength envelopes for sandwich pipes are compared with those generated for single-wall steel pipes with equivalent collapse pressures. The study shows that sandwich pipe systems with either cement or polypropylene cores are feasible options for ultra deepwater applications.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the iDOP-PH adhesion promoter in relation to adhesion of the pavement bitumen

2021 ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Yan Pyrig ◽  
Andrey Galkin ◽  
Pavlo Roman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Adhesion Promoter ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Adhesion Promoters ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Standard Quality

Asphalt pavement is permanently influenced by various environmental conditions and traffic load. Because of this after a certain period numerous defects may appear on the surface of the road pavement. These defects include peeling, chipping, pots, cracks etc. The low water proof resistance of the asphalt concrete (conditioned by low adhesion of the bitumen to aggregate surface) is considered to be one of the reasons for appearance of these defects. Adhesion promoters’ use is the most common method to increase adhesion activity of pavement bitumen. Goal. The objective of the current research work is the evaluation of influence of the domestic adhesion promoter iDOP on the conventional and adhesion properties of bitumen. Methodology. To achieve this goal, the following was done: the effect of the adhesive promoter iDOP on the standard quality indicators of bitumen was determined according the requirements of the current standards DSTY 4044 and SOU 45.2-00018112-067; the effect of the adhesive promoter on the adhesion of bitumen to the glass surface (according to the DSTU B.V.2.7-81 method) and to the surface of aggregates with different mineralogy was evaluated by the rotating bottle method according to DSTU EN 12697-11; the thermal stability of the iDOP-PH promoter was tested by simulating the technological ageing of bitumen according to the method given in GOST 18180 and the RTFOT method. Results. Grounding on the experimental data obtained, it was found that the adhesive promoter iDOP-PH does not affect the standard indicators of the quality of bitumen (penetration, softening and breaking point temperatures, ductility). During hardening with the RTFOT method, a slight inhibitory effect of the promoter is observed, which appears as an increase in the values of residual penetration and ductility compared to bitumen without promoter. The iDOP-PH promoter increases the adhesive capacity of bitumen, which is confirmed by the adhesion data determined by the improved method given in GOST B.V.2.7-81 and the rolling bottle method. Originality. It is shown that the iDOP-PH promoter has a relevantly low thermal stability. With this the main factor affecting the decrease in thermal stability is the long time exposing of the binder at high temperature by GOST B.V.2.7-81 method. Practical value. It is shown that the promoter concentrations recommended by the supplier are insufficient, and to ensure the required values of the adhesion (standardized in СОУ 45.2-00018112-067) it is advisable to increase the concentration of the iDOP-PH promoter in bitumen to 0.3 - 0.6%.

scholarly journals SOME RESULTS OF RESEARCH WORK ON PREVENTION OF ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN KYRGYZSTAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 428-431
Author(s):  
Tursunov ◽  
Isaev ◽  
Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Almost All

The Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine is a co-executor of the Strategy for the Echinococcosis Control (2013–2018) and monitored dogs epizootological examinations after preventive treatment with azinox. Laboratory studies of biomaterials (feces) for infection with helminths were carried out along with the traditional coprological method, a more sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of laboratory studies of fecal samples from dogs showed that the activities of the "Strategy for the Control of Echinococcosis in the Kyrgyz Republic", including the treatment of dogs with azinox, gave positive outcomes. From 2014 to 2018 2260 feces samples from deworming dogs from almost all regions of Kyrgyzstan were examined. At the same time, the infection of dogs with taeniidae is steadily decreasing; it has also been noted that the main joints of parasitocenosis in dogs are taeniidae, toxocaras, mesocestoids, and eimeria. In the studies conducted on the infection of dogs with taeniidae, the coprological and more sensitive ELISA method was used. Using both helminthological studies, a decrease in the invasion of dogs by taeniidae was confirmed. Thus, in the period from 2014 (the beginning of the Strategy) to 2018, the average invasion of dogs was reduced from 20.2 to 14.3%.

Comprehensive Studies of Formation Water for Achimov and Bazhenov Formations — Revitalizing Archived and Old Cores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Sergeevna Kazak ◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Kazak
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Pore Water Salinity

Abstract The sediments of Bazhenov (BF) and Achimov (ACh) formations have been studied for more than 50 years, and to date, a large amount of core material obtained during drilling at the stage of exploration is stored in the core stores of Russian industrial companies. The rise in the cost of the complex of geological exploration and the emergence of new research methods enabled studies of the old/dry core from previously drilled exploration wells. BF and ACh reservoir rocks have low permeability and initially low water saturation, and therefore, during storage, rock samples could partially retain pore water. To study its composition and quantitative content, we used the previously proposed integrated approach with proven effectiveness in fresh low-permeability BF rocks. The studied materials include BF rock samples from 3 different fields stored for 2 years after sampling in the laboratory, and ACh rock samples from 12 fields, cored more than 10 years ago at the geologic exploration stage. The complex technique includes determining free and bound water contents by the evaporation method with isotopic analysis (δ18O and δD) of the released water. The modified water extraction method provides a range of pore water salinity, while the modified alcohol ammonium chloride method measures the cation exchange capacity (CEC). Auxilary methods include Rock-Eval pyrolysis to determine organic matter content, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to assess the mineral composition of sediments. The verification of the results for the BF rock samples was carried out according to the data obtained for the new/fresh core, while for the ACh rock samples — according to the results of the direct chemical composition analysis of the formation water. Despite the low permeability, we found that the BF and ACh rock samples during storage lost almost all (up to 90%) free water due to evaporation. At the same time, salts from formation water remained in the pore space, which made it possible to estimate the range of its NaCl salinity: 1.84–14.7 g/L for ACh rock samples and 4.49–20.19 g/L for BF rock samples. The obtained values set the lower limit of the possible pore water salinity of the studied ACh and BF rock samples. Moreover, the results match those from direct salinity measurements in the ACh depth intervals and the results of fresh BF core laboratory studies. We showed that the old/dry BF and ACh core could be effectively used to assess the bound water content with subsequent determination of its genesis from isotopic composition data and CEC measurements. This opportunity relies on the high clay content in the studied BF and ACh rock samples. The obtained results show the fundamental capability of informative laboratory studies of BF and ACh rock samples from public and private core storage facilities and give new life to archived and old/dry core.

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