An Industry First - A Successful Managed Pressure Horizontal Open Hole Gravel Pack Project: Its Preparation, Integration, Modeling, Procedures, and Execution Results

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.2118/206387-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chih-Cheng Lin ◽

Javier Vives ◽

Jiten Kaura ◽

Andrew G Tallin ◽

Patrick Campbell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Deep Understanding ◽

Flow Paths ◽

Pressure Drops ◽

Managed Pressure Drilling ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Open Hole ◽

Friction Models ◽

High Level ◽

Downhole Measurements ◽

Gravel Pack

Abstract This paper presents how a Controlled Mud Level (CML) Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) system was used to place Horizontal Open Hole Gravel Packs (HzOHGP) in low Pore Pressure Frac Gradient (PPFG) margin reservoirs. This industry-first accomplishment took extensive preparation and precise on-site coordination between CML and gravel pack operations. In the target reservoirs, the margin between the pore and fracture pressures is too small to place gravel packs using conventional methods. CML was identified as an opportunity to resolve this problem. A primary design phase goal was to develop a deep understanding of the flow paths and fluid properties at every stage of the gravel pack operation. This information is critical to evaluating the frictional pressure drops effecting the pressure in the open hole. The team developed procedures that incorporated step rate tests and real-time downhole measurements to calibrate the friction models, which were then used to precisely control the CML during the pumping jobs. CML was able to limit the downhole treating pressures to stay within the low PPFG limits. The post-job analyses showed that total screen coverage was achieved for all the jobs in the campaign, demonstrating the project team's high level of coordination, cooperation, and cross-discipline understanding. While the industry had adopted CML and HzOHGP systems separately prior to this project, this operation marks the first time they have been combined.

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An Industry First: Concept Selection, Material Testing, and Modelling Process for a Successful Managed Pressure Open Hole Gravel Pack Project

10.2118/205771-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chih-Cheng Lin ◽

Andrew G. Tallin ◽

Xueyong Guan ◽

Jiten D. Kaura ◽

Sasha F. Luces ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Loop ◽

Managed Pressure Drilling ◽

Transport Velocity ◽

Probability Of Success ◽

Open Hole ◽

Overall Evaluation ◽

Qualification Testing ◽

Gravel Packing ◽

Gravel Pack ◽

Modelling Process

Abstract One of the major technical challenges to this project was placing horizontal open hole gravel packs (HzOHGP) within the narrow pore pressure to frac-gradient (PPFG) margin in the target reservoirs. This paper addresses the steps taken to overcome this challenge. To maximize the use of the narrow PPFG margin, the project combined a managed pressure drilling (MPD) system with low gravel placement pump rates made possible by an ultra-light-weight proppant (ULWP). Of the MPD systems available, the Controlled Mud Level (CML) system was selected over the Surface Back Pressure (SBP) system for several reasons. It enabled conventional gravel pack pumping operations and equipment and it accommodated the brine weight needed to inhibit the shales. A series of lab tests showed that the completion fluid density required to inhibit the reservoir shale reactivity was only possible using CML. An overall evaluation of CML showed that it was most suitable and offered the greatest flexibility for the gravel pack job design. The special ceramic ULWP had to be qualified and tested. The qualification testing ranged from standard API and compatibility tests to full scale flow loop testing. The flow loop tests were needed to measure the ULWP transport velocity for the target wellbore geometry. Understanding the transport velocity is critical for gravel pack design and job execution planning. Once MPD and ceramic ULWP were selected, the gravel pack placement operations were simulated to demonstrate that their features increased the likelihood of successfully gravel packing in the target reservoirs. Small PPFG margins decrease the probability of success of placing a HzOHGP. In the target formations, the pressure margin is insufficient to safely execute HzOHGP conventionally; instead, the project combined MPD and the low pump rates facilitated by using ULWP to control circulating pressures to stay inside the narrow margin and place the gravel packs. The integration of CML and ULWP into in a gravel pack operation to control circulating pressures has never been done. The concept and its successful field implementation are industry firsts.

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HALIMA KHUDAYBERDIEVA POETRY MASTERY TO USE SYMBOLS AND IMAGES

International journal of word art ◽

10.26739/2181-9297-2020-3-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 49-52

Author(s):

Mehrinoz Abbosova ◽

Keyword(s):

Deep Understanding ◽

Artistic Representations ◽

High Level ◽

Main Factor

The article deals with the skill of using symbols and emblems in the poetry of the poetess Halima Khudaiberdieva. Poetry is one of the highest forms of art, and its perception requires a high level,high taste, deep understanding from the reader. The article lists important aspects of the requirements for an original poem. It is emphasized that the main factor of mystery in the poem are symbols and allusions. Some examples from the poems of the poet are given and analyzed. Through this, an attempt was made to explore the artistic representations of the poet’s poetry

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A Reflexive Approach to Teaching Writing: Enablements and Constraints in Primary School Classrooms

Written Communication ◽

10.1177/07410883211005558 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 074108832110055

Author(s):

Mary Ryan ◽

Maryam Khosronejad ◽

Georgina Barton ◽

Lisa Kervin ◽

Debra Myhill

Keyword(s):

Time Management ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Writing Pedagogy ◽

Teacher Talk ◽

Teaching Writing ◽

Writing Teachers ◽

Teacher Interview ◽

Approach To Teaching ◽

High Level ◽

Teaching Of Writing

Writing requires a high level of nuanced decision-making related to language, purpose, audience, and medium. Writing teachers thus need a deep understanding of language, process, and pedagogy, and of the interface between them. This article draws on reflexivity theory to interrogate the pedagogical priorities and perspectives of 19 writing teachers in primary classrooms across Australia. Data are composed of teacher interview transcripts and nuanced time analyses of classroom observation videos. Findings show that teachers experience both enabling and constraining conditions that emerge in different ways in different contexts. Enablements include high motivations to teach writing and a reflective and collaborative approach to practice. However, constraints were evident in areas of time management, dominance of teacher talk, teachers’ scope and confidence in their knowledge and practice, and a perceived lack of professional support for writing pedagogy. The article concludes with recommendations for a reflexive approach to managing these emergences in the teaching of writing.

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Semantic Relation Model and Dataset for Remote Sensing Scene Understanding

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi10070488 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 488

Author(s):

Peng Li ◽

Dezheng Zhang ◽

Aziguli Wulamu ◽

Xin Liu ◽

Peng Chen

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Scene Understanding ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Remote Sensing Images ◽

Convolutional Network ◽

Scene Graph ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Relationship Extraction ◽

High Level ◽

Graph Generation

A deep understanding of our visual world is more than an isolated perception on a series of objects, and the relationships between them also contain rich semantic information. Especially for those satellite remote sensing images, the span is so large that the various objects are always of different sizes and complex spatial compositions. Therefore, the recognition of semantic relations is conducive to strengthen the understanding of remote sensing scenes. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-scale semantic fusion network (MSFN). In this framework, dilated convolution is introduced into a graph convolutional network (GCN) based on an attentional mechanism to fuse and refine multi-scale semantic context, which is crucial to strengthen the cognitive ability of our model Besides, based on the mapping between visual features and semantic embeddings, we design a sparse relationship extraction module to remove meaningless connections among entities and improve the efficiency of scene graph generation. Meanwhile, to further promote the research of scene understanding in remote sensing field, this paper also proposes a remote sensing scene graph dataset (RSSGD). We carry out extensive experiments and the results show that our model significantly outperforms previous methods on scene graph generation. In addition, RSSGD effectively bridges the huge semantic gap between low-level perception and high-level cognition of remote sensing images.

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Countering Threats

International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism ◽

10.4018/ijcwt.2014040103 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 35-45

Author(s):

Margarita Jaitner

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Law Enforcement ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Current Status ◽

Mobile Web ◽

Use Of Social Media ◽

Legal Frameworks ◽

High Level

The increased adoption of social media has presented security and law enforcement authorities with significant new challenges. For example, the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO) asserts that a large proportion of radicalization takes place in open fora online. Still, approaches to contain social media-driven challenges to security, particularly in democratic societies, remain little explored. Nonetheless, this type of knowledge may become relevant in European countries in the near future: Amongst other factors, the challenging economic situation has resulted in increased public discontent leading to emergence or manifestation of groups that seek to challenge the existing policies by almost any means. Use of social media multiplies the number of vectors that need law enforcement attention. First, a high level of social media adaption allows groups to reach and attract a wider audience. Unlike previously, many groups today consist of a large but very loosely connected network. This lack of cohesion can present a challenge for authorities, to identify emerging key actors and assess threat levels. Second, a high level of mobile web penetration has allowed groups to ad-hoc organize, amend plans and redirect physical activities. Third, the tool social media is as not exclusive to potential perpetrators of unlawful action, but is as well available to law enforcement authorities. Yet, efficient utilization of social media requires a deep understanding of its nature and a well-crafted, comprehensive approach. Acknowledging the broad functionality of social media, as well as its current status in the society, this article describes a model process for security authorities and law enforcement work with social media in general and security services work in particular. The process is cyclic and largely modular. It provides a set of goals and tasks for each stage of a potential event, rather than fixed activities. This allows authorities to adapt the process to individual legal frameworks and organization setups. The approach behind the process is holistic where social media is regarded as both source and destination of information. Ultimately, the process aims at efficiently and effectively mitigating the risk of virtual and physical violence.

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Challenging Catenary Coiled Tubing Thru Tubing Screen Deployment Operation Offshore Borneo

10.2118/204419-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Seng Wei Jong ◽

Yee Tzen Yong ◽

Yusri Azizan ◽

Richard Hampson ◽

Rudzaifi Adizamri Hj Abd Rani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Wells ◽

Well Control ◽

Coiled Tubing ◽

Open Hole ◽

Catenary System ◽

Offshore Oil ◽

Gravel Pack ◽

Emergency Measures

Abstract Production decline caused by sand ingress was observed on 2 offshore oil wells in Brunei waters. Both wells were completed with a sub-horizontal openhole gravel pack and were subsequently shut in as the produced sand would likely cause damage to the surface facilities. In an offshore environment with limited workspace, crane capacity and wells with low reservoir pressures, it was decided to intervene the wells using a catenary coiled tubing (CT) vessel. The intervention required was to clean out the sand build up in the wells and install thru-tubing (TT) sand screens along the entire gravel packed screen section. Nitrified clean out was necessary due to low reservoir pressures while using a specialized jetting nozzle to optimize turbulence and lift along the deviated section. In addition, a knockout pot was utilized to filter and accommodate the large quantity of sand returned. The long sections of screens required could not be accommodated inside the PCE stack resulting in the need for the operation to be conducted as an open hole deployment using nippleless plug and fluid weight as well control barrier. A portable modular crane was also installed to assist the deployment of long screen sections prior to RIH with CT. Further challenges that needed to be addressed were the emergency measures. As the operation was to be conducted using the catenary system, the requirement for an emergency disconnect between the vessel and platform during the long cleanout operations and open hole deployment needed to be considered as a necessary contingency. Additional shear seal BOPs, and emergency deployment bars were also prepared to ensure that the operation could be conducted safely and successfully.

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Greater Plutonio Open Hole Gravel Pack Completions: Fluid Design and Field Application

10.2118/107297-ms ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kevin S. Whaley ◽

Colin John Price-Smith ◽

Allan Jeffery Twynam ◽

Phillip John Jackson

Keyword(s):

Field Application ◽

Open Hole ◽

Fluid Design ◽

Gravel Pack

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Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of the Preparation of Aluminium Alloy 2A50 Semi-Solid Billet by Electromagnetic Stirring

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13235470 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 5470

Author(s):

Yongfei Wang ◽

Shengdun Zhao ◽

Yi Guo

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Aluminium Alloy ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Electromagnetic Stirring ◽

Experimental Result ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Average Grain Size ◽

Semi Solid ◽

High Level

Electromagnetic stirring (EMS) has become one of the most important branches of the electromagnetic processing of materials. However, a deep understanding of the influence of the EMS on the thermo-fluid flow of the aluminium alloy melt, and consequently the refinement of the microstructure is still not available. This paper investigated the influence of the operating parameters of EMS on the magnetohydrodynamics, temperature field, flow field, and the vortex-shaped structure of the melt as well as the microstructure of the aluminium alloy 2A50 billet by numerical simulation and experiments. The operating parameters were categorised into three groups representing high, medium, and low levels of Lorentz forces generated by EMS. The numerical simulation matched well with the experimental result. It was found that a high level of EMS can improve the uniformity of the temperature and flow fields. The maximum speed was observed at the radius of around 25 mm under all EMS levels. Both the depth and diameter of the vortex-shaped structure generated increased with the enhancement in the EMS level. The average grain size of the edge sample of the billet was reduced by 48.3% while the average shape factor was increased by 51.0% under the medium-level EMS.

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