Experiments of Liquid Loading and Intermittent Production Using a Lab-Scale Reservoir-Tubing Setup

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos van 't Westende ◽  
Dries van Nimwegen ◽  
Stefan Belfroid ◽  
Harmen Slot
Keyword(s):  
Total Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Reservoir Model ◽  
Liquid Loading ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Production Tubing

Abstract Experiments were performed to investigate the physics behind intermittent production and liquid loading, using a setup containing a reservoir model coupled to a vertical production tubing. In the experiments both gas and liquid are injected into the reservoir, which is a container in which sand with two different permeabilities is placed. Quick closing valves are incorporated into the experimental setup in order to simulate well shut-ins and start-ups. The experimental results show that the addition of the reservoir to the experimental set-up shifts the minimum in the total pressure losses over the system to lower gas flow rates as the permeability of the reservoir decreases. When performing shut-ins where a significant liquid column is present in the tubing, as is the case in liquid loaded wells, performing a sufficiently long shut-in can lead to the deliquification of the system.

Under-Expanded Gaseous Flow at a Straight Micro-Tube Exit

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yoshimaru ◽  
Yutaka Asako ◽  
Toru Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Total Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Pitot Tube ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Gaseous Flow ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Tube Exit ◽  
Slight Discrepancy

This paper focuses on under-expanded gaseous flow at a straight micro-tube exit. The pitot total pressure of gas flow (jet) in the downstream region from a straight micro-tube exit was measured by a total pressure pitot tube to accumulate data for validation of numerical results. A micro-tube of 495μm in diameter and 56.3 mm in length and a total pressure pitot tube of 100 μm in outer diameter were used. The pitot total pressure was measured at intervals of 0.1 mm in both the flow and radial directions. The measurement was done for the mass flow rates of 9.71 × 10−5 kg/s and 1.46 × 10−4 kg/s. The data were accumulated for validation of the numerical results to reveal the characteristics of the under-expanded gas flow at the exit of a micro-tube. Comparisons were conducted for numerical results of corresponding cases and a slight discrepancy can be seen between numerical and experimentally measured pitot total pressures.

The Effect of Surfactants on Vertical Air/Water Flow for Prevention of Liquid Loading

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 488-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. van Nimwegen ◽  
L. M. Portela ◽  
R. A. Henkes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Annular Flow ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Liquid Loading ◽  
Dynamic Surface ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Churn Flow

Summary From field experience in the gas industry, it is known that injecting surfactants at the bottom of a gas well can prevent liquid loading. To better understand how the selection of the surfactant influences the deliquification performance, laboratory experiments of air/water flow at atmospheric conditions were performed, in which two different surfactants (a pure surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and a commercial surfactant blend) were added to the water. In the experiments, a high-speed camera was used to visualize the flow, and pressure-gradient measurements were performed. Both surfactants increase the pressure gradient at high gas-flow rates and decrease the pressure gradient at low gas-flow rates. The minimum in the pressure gradient moves to lower gas-flow rates with increasing surfactant concentration. This is related to the transition between annular flow and churn flow, which is shifted to lower gas-flow rates because of the formation of an almost stagnant foam substrate at the wall of the pipe. At high surfactant concentration, it appears that the churn flow regime is no longer present at all and that there is a direct transition from annular flow to slug flow. The results also show that the critical micelle concentration, the equilibrium surface tension, the dynamic surface tension, and the surface elasticity are poor predictors of the effect of the surfactant on the flow.

A 3D Numerical Investigation on Droplets Distribution in a Wave-Plate Separator

2013 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 522-529
Author(s):  
Yong Lei Qu ◽  
Shi Bu ◽  
Bo Wan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Turbulent Dispersion ◽  
Liquid Loading ◽  
Wave Plate ◽  
Gas Liquid Flow ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Plate Separator

The gas-liquid flow in a wave-plate separator is extremely complex due to its three-dimensional characteristic. Numerical simulation accomplished by former investigators using two-dimensional model may be appropriate for the iteration of pressure drop, but they were far from accurate in prediction of removal efficiency. To fill the gap, a three dimensional geometrical model of wave-plate separator is set up in this paper, RNG k-ε model is employed to compute the gas phase flow field, and the droplet trajectories were predicted applying the Lagrangian method. The turbulent dispersion of droplets were simulated by discrete random walk model. Using the assumption of a constant liquid loading of gas flow, simulation were accomplished for six different inlet velocities and two different droplet sizes. The influence pattern of gravity together with gas velocity on droplets distribution and the overall removal efficiencies were obtained.

The Choking Pressure Ratio of a Critical Flow Venturi

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1251-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Hillbrath ◽  
W. P. Dill ◽  
W. A. Wacker
Keyword(s):  
Total Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Critical Flow ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Effectiveness Parameter

The critical flow venturi has many important applications in the measurement and control of gas flow. In many of these applications, it is desirable to minimize the pressure loss required to maintain critical flow conditions. The performance of the venturi may be characterized by the ratio of outlet static pressure to inlet total pressure just sufficiently small to produce critical flow. This ratio is called choking pressure ratio (CPR). The optimization of diffusers for critical flow Venturis is discussed and suggestions for designs practice are presented. Test results are given for six different diffuser configurations, and a comparison is made with data on 11 configurations from other investigators. This work was done under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration—Marshall Space Flight Center. It is shown that, for the small divergence angles considered, a simply defined diffuser effectiveness parameter is approximately independent of flow conditions and may be used to predict choking pressure ratio. Even very short diffusers greatly improve performance, and, for longer diffusers, critical flow can be maintained at total pressure losses of 5 percent.

Investigation of the Influence of Different Rim Seal Geometries in a Low-Pressure Turbine

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schuler ◽  
K. Dullenkopf ◽  
H.-J. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Low Pressure Turbine ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Seal Design ◽  
Compound Design ◽  
Mass Flow Rates

The sealing of the machine’s inside against hot-gas ingestion is commonly provided by blowing relative cold compressor air radially out through the turbine wheelspace. Rim-seals located inside the wheelspace are primarily designed to keep the required amount of sealing at a minimum. A further possible function of the rim-seal follows from the desire to reduce the aerodynamic losses contributed by the interaction of the emerging sealing flow with the boundary layer of the incoming main flow. Investigations performend in the EU project MAGPI concentrate on the interaction between the sealing flow and the main gas flow and in particular on the effect of different rim seal designs regarding the loss-mechanism in a low-pressure turbine passage. Two different rim seal designs inside a linear low-pressure turbine cascade rig have been analysed in detail. Both, the simple axial gap and the more complex compound design were investigated under the influence of different sealing mass flow rates. Furthermore, a configuration without any cavity in the main gas flow served as a reference case. Extensive measurements of the total pressure loss over the turbine blade have been conducted by means of a five-hole probe. Additionally, the blade loading has been measured at several blade heights. A considerable increase of total pressure losses was observed due to the presence of a cavity with any rim seal design, even for no sealing flow. Higher sealing mass flow rates intensified this effect which becomes manifested in a strengthening of the secondary flows downstream the cascade. Experiments revealed also significant differences in loss-increment depending on the rim seal design used. Deeper insight into the interaction of the flows close to the rim seal is given by results of Laser-Doppler-Velocimetry measurements. The rounded shape of the compound design, which implies an axial overlapping, represents a promising prevention against hot-gas ingestion. While the axial gap design is characterized by higher losses, it also suffers considerable hot-gas ingestion in front of the blade leading edge. A parametric study regarding a possible optimization of the axial gap design is presented in this work.

scholarly journals NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EXHAUST GAS FLOW OF TV3-117 TYPE ENGINES IN COMPOSITION WITH A SCREEN - EXHAUST DEVICE

ScienceRise ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Kinaschuk
Keyword(s):  
Total Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Constructive Method ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Gas Dynamic ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Separation Zones

The object of research is a screen-exhaust device in the TV3-117 engine of the Mi-8 helicopter. Investigated problem: The problem of equalizing the flow in the exhaust nozzle is solved. As a result of the numerical study, the total pressure losses are calculated and the flow structures in the structural elements of the exhaust nozzle and the screen-exhaust device (SED) are analyzed. Main scientific results: Obtained Gas-dynamic parameters of the flow in the SED flow path are obtained and the verification of injection processes between the working circuits along the path in the SED design is done. Numerical modeling of gas flows in the SED flow path makes it possible to study in detail the characteristics of the flow at any of its points, as well as to determine the values of hydrodynamic losses associated with the formation of a boundary layer and the emergence of separation zones. A constructive method for leveling the gas-dynamic flow is proposed by installing a blade in the form of an aerodynamic profile in a standard engine exhaust nozzle. Two variants of engine nozzles are investigated under the same boundary conditions using a standard exhaust nozzle with and without a blade. The influence of uneven flow in the exhaust nozzle on the nature of the flow in the SED is shown. An insignificant equalization of the flow in the exhaust nozzle using the installed blade led to a decrease in the total pressure loss in the SED by more than 1 %. The area of practical use of the research results: The results of calculations and modeling can be used for computational and experimental studies aimed at improving the flow path of the exhaust nozzle and the screen-exhaust device by the developers of new military aviation equipment or when modernizing the existing helicopter fleet. Scope of application of the innovative technological product: a new screen-exhaust device has been proposed for left and right TV3-117 engines of all types, which can be installed on the Mi-8MSB-V, Mi-8MT, Mi-14, Mi-24 helicopters. It is competitive and has significantly higher technical and economic indicators compared to known analogues.

Under-Expanded Gas Flow at a Straight Mini-Tube Exit

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yoshimaru ◽  
Yutaka Asako ◽  
Toru Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Pitot Tube ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Numerical Result ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Tube Exit ◽  
Slight Discrepancy

This paper focuses on under-expanded gas flow at a straight mini-tube exit. Pitot total pressure of gas flow (jet) in downstream region from a straight mini-tube exit was measured to give data for validation of numerical results. A mini-tube of 495μm in diameter & 56.3 mm in length and a pitot tube of 100 μm in outer diameter were used. The pitot total pressure was measured every 0.1 mm interval in the flow and radial directions. The measurement was done for the mass flow rates of 9.71×10−5 kg/s and 1.46×10−4 kg/s. The data were accumulated for validation of the numerical result to reveal the characteristics of the under-expanded gas flow at the exit of a mini-tube. Comparisons were conducted for sample computations and a slight discrepancy can be seen between numerical and experimentally measured pitot total pressures.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Vertical Ascendant Liquid-Gas Flow Under Action of Centrifugal and Gravitational Fields

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique K. Eidt ◽  
Carolina C. Rodrigues ◽  
Rafael Dunaiski ◽  
César Y. Ofuchi ◽  
Flávio Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Liquid Film ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Film Flow ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Liquid Film Flow

Two-phase flows are commonly found in the extraction and production of petroleum and the separation process involving the liquid gaseous phases has great importance. The separators used for this purpose have usually high separation efficiency, however their large dimensions make difficult the construction, installation and maintenance of these equipment in offshore applications. An alternative to reduce the dimensions of these systems is to use a distribution method that can divide the flow, making it possible to use more than one separator. This distributor ideally will produce flow rates equitably distributed across all outlets. The distribution system proposed in this work has a cyclonic chamber, where a vertical ascendant liquid film flow occurs under the action of centrifugal and gravitational fields. This study aims to analyze the development and behavior of the liquid film flow and the efficiency of the distribution system as a function of the liquid and gas flow rates, using an experimental setup and CFD simulations performed with the software ANSYS-CFX 15.0. For the experimental setup a Wire-mesh sensor with 12×12 wires and two others with 8×8 wires were used in order to analyze the variation of the thickness of the liquid film formed in the cyclonic chamber and evaluate the flow pattern at the inlet of the system. In the numerical study, a three-dimensional hybrid mesh was constructed, using the Eulerian-Eulerian two fluid model coupled with the compressive discretization scheme to capture the liquid-gas interface, the Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model and the finite volume based on finite elements. It was possible to carry out a numerical model validation through a comparison with the experimental data. The development of this numerical model might help the advance of new technologies applied in the petroleum industry and this study is focused on area that lacks more studies related to vertical ascendant liquid film flows under centrifugal and gravitational field effects.

Modeling of pressure losses on friction in three-layer laminar flows

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 208-219
Author(s):  
A.M. Ilyasov
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Fluid Model ◽  
Immiscible Liquid ◽  
Laminar Flows ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Interphase Boundaries ◽  
Closing Relations

In this paper we propose a model for determining the pressure loss due to friction in each phase in a three-layer laminar steady flow of immiscible liquid and gas flow in a flat channel. This model generalizes an analogous problem for a two-layer laminar flow, proposed earlier. The relations obtained in the final form for the pressure loss due to friction in liquids can be used as closing relations for the three-fluid model. These equations take into account the influence of interphase boundaries and are an alternative to the approach used in foreign literature. In this approach, the wall and interphase voltages are approximated by the formulas for a single-phase flow and do not take into account the mutual influence of liquids on the loss of pressure on friction in phases. The distribution of flow parameters in these two models is compared.

Hydraulic model of a water cooling system in a chemical plant

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-806
Author(s):  
Miloslav Hošťálek ◽  
Jiří Výborný ◽  
František Madron
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Graph Algorithm ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Controlled Flow

Steady state hydraulic calculation has been described of an extensive pipeline network based on a new graph algorithm for setting up and decomposition of balance equations of the model. The parameters of the model are characteristics of individual sections of the network (pumps, pipes, and heat exchangers with armatures). In case of sections with controlled flow rate (variable characteristic), or sections with measured flow rate, the flow rates are direct inputs. The interactions of the network with the surroundings are accounted for by appropriate sources and sinks of individual nodes. The result of the calculation is the knowledge of all flow rates and pressure losses in the network. Automatic generation of the model equations utilizes an efficient (vector) fixing of the network topology and predominantly logical, not numerical operations based on the graph theory. The calculation proper utilizes a modification of the model by the method of linearization of characteristics, while the properties of the modified set of equations permit further decrease of the requirements on the computer. The described approach is suitable for the solution of practical problems even on lower category personal computers. The calculations are illustrated on an example of a simple network with uncontrolled and controlled flow rates of cooling water while one of the sections of the network is also a gravitational return flow of the cooling water.

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