Pseudo Dry Gas Technology: Pathway to Decarbonisation of Energy Consumption for Remote Offshore Gas Fields

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Nguyet Ngo ◽  
Lee Thomas ◽  
Kavitha Raghavendra ◽  
Terry Wood
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
Technology Pathway

Abstract Transporting large volumes of gas over long distances from further and deeper waters remains a significant challenge in making remote offshore gas field developments technologically and economically viable. The conventional development options include subsea compression, floating topside with topside compression and pipeline tie-back to shore, or floating liquefied natural gas vessels. However, these options are CAPEX and OPEX intensive and require high energy consumption. Demand for a lower emission solution is increasingly seen as the growing trend of global energy transition. Pseudo Dry Gas (PDG) technology is being developed by Intecsea, Worley Group and The Oil & Gas Technology Centre (Aberdeen) and tested in collaboration with Cranfield University. This is applied to develop stranded or remote gas reserves by removing fluids at the earliest point of accumulation at multiple locations, resulting in near dry gas performance. This technology aims to solve liquid management issues and subsequently allows for energy efficient transportation of the subsea gas enabling dramatic reductions in emissions. The PDG prototype tested using the Flow Loop facilities at Cranfield University has demonstrated the concept’s feasibility. Due to a greater amount of gas recovered with a much lower power requirement, the CO2 emissions per ton of gas produced via the PDG concept is by an order of magnitude lower than conventional methods. This study showed a reduction of 65% to 80% against standard and alternative near future development options. The paper considers innovative technology and a value proposition for the Pseudo Dry Gas concept based on a benchmarked study of a remote offshore gas field. The basin was located in 2000m of water depth, with a 200km long subsea tie-back. To date the longest tieback studied was 350km. It focused on energy consumption and carbon emission aspects. The conclusion is that decarbonisation of energy consumption is technically possible and can be deployed subsea to help meet this future challenge and push the envelope of subsea gas tie-backs.

scholarly journals Trends and progress in Microalgae-based wastewater treatment technologies: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Yujia Wan ◽  
Ning Yan ◽  
Jiaqi Zhao ◽  
Hegang Zhi ◽  
Wenmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal 6

A transformative change is underway in wastewater treatment as the world aims at meeting Sustainable Development Goal 6 in 2030, and the conventional wastewater treatment processes have high energy consumption and greenhouse emissions. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment process has emerged as an innovative technology that can reach the demand for lowering energy consumption, mitigating climate change, and recycling resources. This review provides an overview of the basic theories of microalgae-based wastewater treatment processes, microalgae species commonly used, impact factors of microalgae cultivation, the conventional and hybrid microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems. Moreover, suggestions are proposed for further research and development.

Separation of Biologically Active Compounds by Membrane Operations

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Zhu ◽  
Renbi Bai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Separation Technology ◽  
Pressure Driven

Background: Bioactive compounds from various natural sources have been attracting more and more attention, owing to their broad diversity of functionalities and availabilities. However, many of the bioactive compounds often exist at an extremely low concentration in a mixture so that massive harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts for their practical usage. Thus, effective fractionation or separation technologies are essential for the screening and production of the bioactive compound products. The applicatons of conventional processes such as extraction, distillation and lyophilisation, etc. may be tedious, have high energy consumption or cause denature or degradation of the bioactive compounds. Membrane separation processes operate at ambient temperature, without the need for heating and therefore with less energy consumption. The “cold” separation technology also prevents the possible degradation of the bioactive compounds. The separation process is mainly physical and both fractions (permeate and retentate) of the membrane processes may be recovered. Thus, using membrane separation technology is a promising approach to concentrate and separate bioactive compounds. Methods: A comprehensive survey of membrane operations used for the separation of bioactive compounds is conducted. The available and established membrane separation processes are introduced and reviewed. Results: The most frequently used membrane processes are the pressure driven ones, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). They are applied either individually as a single sieve or in combination as an integrated membrane array to meet the different requirements in the separation of bioactive compounds. Other new membrane processes with multiple functions have also been developed and employed for the separation or fractionation of bioactive compounds. The hybrid electrodialysis (ED)-UF membrane process, for example has been used to provide a solution for the separation of biomolecules with similar molecular weights but different surface electrical properties. In contrast, the affinity membrane technology is shown to have the advantages of increasing the separation efficiency at low operational pressures through selectively adsorbing bioactive compounds during the filtration process. Conclusion: Individual membranes or membrane arrays are effectively used to separate bioactive compounds or achieve multiple fractionation of them with different molecule weights or sizes. Pressure driven membrane processes are highly efficient and widely used. Membrane fouling, especially irreversible organic and biological fouling, is the inevitable problem. Multifunctional membranes and affinity membranes provide the possibility of effectively separating bioactive compounds that are similar in sizes but different in other physical and chemical properties. Surface modification methods are of great potential to increase membrane separation efficiency as well as reduce the problem of membrane fouling. Developing membranes and optimizing the operational parameters specifically for the applications of separation of various bioactive compounds should be taken as an important part of ongoing or future membrane research in this field.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge and Future Directions for Improving Subsoiling Quality and Reducing Energy Consumption in Conservation Fields

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Shangyi Lou ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Hongwen Li ◽  
Qingjie Wang ◽  
Caiyun Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Tillage Depth ◽  
And Control

Subsoiling has been acknowledged worldwide to break compacted hardpan, improve soil permeability and water storage capacity, and promote topsoil deepening and root growth. However, there exist certain factors which limit the wide in-field application of subsoiling machines. Of these factors, the main two are poor subsoiling quality and high energy consumption, especially the undesired tillage depth obtained in the field with cover crops. Based on the analysis of global adoption and benefits of subsoiling technology, and application status of subsoiling machines, this article reviewed the research methods, technical characteristics, and developing trends in five key aspects, including subsoiling shovel design, anti-drag technologies, technologies of tillage depth detection and control, and research on soil mechanical interaction. Combined with the research progress and application requirements of subsoiling machines across the globe, current problems and technical difficulties were analyzed and summarized. Aiming to solve these problems, improve subsoiling quality, and reduce energy consumption, this article proposed future directions for the development of subsoiling machines, including optimizing the soil model in computer simulation, strengthening research on the subsoiling mechanism and comprehensive effect, developing new tillage depth monitoring and control systems, and improving wear-resisting properties of subsoiling shovels.

scholarly journals Nanoscale optical writing through upconversion resonance energy transfer

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. eabe2209
Author(s):  
S. Lamon ◽  
Y. Wu ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
M. Gu
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Upconversion Nanoparticles

Nanoscale optical writing using far-field super-resolution methods provides an unprecedented approach for high-capacity data storage. However, current nanoscale optical writing methods typically rely on photoinitiation and photoinhibition with high beam intensity, high energy consumption, and short device life span. We demonstrate a simple and broadly applicable method based on resonance energy transfer from lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles to graphene oxide for nanoscale optical writing. The transfer of high-energy quanta from upconversion nanoparticles induces a localized chemical reduction in graphene oxide flakes for optical writing, with a lateral feature size of ~50 nm (1/20th of the wavelength) under an inhibition intensity of 11.25 MW cm−2. Upconversion resonance energy transfer may enable next-generation optical data storage with high capacity and low energy consumption, while offering a powerful tool for energy-efficient nanofabrication of flexible electronic devices.

scholarly journals Mitigating the Energy Consumption and the Carbon Emission in the Building Structures by Optimization of the Construction Processes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3287
Author(s):  
Alireza Tabrizikahou ◽  
Piotr Nowotarski
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Structural Optimization ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Reduction Of Energy Consumption

For decades, among other industries, the construction sector has accounted for high energy consumption and emissions. As the energy crisis and climate change have become a growing concern, mitigating energy usage is a significant issue. The operational and end of life phases are all included in the building life cycle stages. Although the operation stage accounts for more energy consumption with higher carbon emissions, the embodied stage occurs in a time-intensive manner. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the existing methods, aiming to lower the consumption of energy and carbon emission in the construction buildings through optimizing the construction processes, especially with the lean construction approach. First, the energy consumption and emissions for primary construction materials and processes are introduced. It is followed by a review of the structural optimization and lean techniques that seek to improve the construction processes. Then, the influence of these methods on the reduction of energy consumption is discussed. Based on these methods, a general algorithm is proposed with the purpose of improving the construction processes’ performance. It includes structural optimization and lean and life cycle assessments, which are expected to influence the possible reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions during the execution of construction works.

scholarly journals Temperature Effects on Electricity and Gas Consumption: Empirical Evidence from Mexico and Projections under Future Climate Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
W.J. Wouter Botzen ◽  
Tim Nees ◽  
Francisco Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Gas Consumption

Fixed effects panel models are used to estimate how the electricity and gas consumption of various sectors and residents relate to temperature in Mexico, while controlling for the effects of income, manufacturing output per capita, electricity and gas prices and household size. We find non-linear relationships between energy consumption and temperature, which are heterogeneous per state. Electricity consumption increases with temperature, and this effect is stronger in warm states. Liquified petroleum gas consumption declines with temperature, and this effect is slightly stronger in cold states. Extrapolations of electricity and gas consumption under a high warming scenario reveal that electricity consumption by the end of the century for Mexico increases by 12%, while gas consumption declines with 10%, resulting in substantial net economic costs of 43 billion pesos per year. The increase in net energy consumption implies greater efforts to comply with the mitigation commitments of Mexico and requires a much faster energy transition and substantial improvements in energy efficiency. The results suggest that challenges posed by climate change also provide important opportunities for advancing social sustainability goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This study is part of Mexico’s Sixth National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Healthcare Facilities in the United States

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Bawaneh ◽  
Farnaz Ghazi Nezami ◽  
Md. Rasheduzzaman ◽  
Brad Deken
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Energy Consumption Analysis ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
End Use

Healthcare facilities in the United States account for 4.8% of the total area in the commercial sector and are responsible for 10.3% of total energy consumption in this sector. The number of healthcare facilities increased by 22% since 2003, leading to a 21% rise in energy consumption and an 8% reduction in energy intensity per unit of area (544.8 kWh/m2). This study provides an analytical overview of the end-use energy consumption data in healthcare systems for hospitals in the United States. The energy intensity of the U.S. hospitals ranges from 640.7 kWh/m2 in Zone 5 (very hot) to 781.1 kWh/m2 in Zone 1 (very cold), with an average of 738.5 kWh/m2. This is approximately 2.6 times higher than that of other commercial buildings. High energy intensity in the healthcare facilities, particularly in hospitals, along with energy costs and associated environmental concerns make energy analysis crucial for this type of facility. The proposed analysis shows that U.S. healthcare facilities have higher energy intensity than those of most other countries, especially the European ones. This necessitates the adoption of more energy-efficient approaches to the infrastructure and the management of healthcare facilities in the United States.

Oxygen Supply Method Using Gas-Permeable Film for Wastewater Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Suzuki ◽  
S. Miyahara ◽  
K. Takeishi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Oxygen Transfer Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
N Removal ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Gas-permeable film can separate air and water, and at the same time, let oxygen diffuse from the air to the water through the film. An oxygen supply method using this film was investigated for the purpose of reducing energy consumption for wastewater treatment. The oxygen transfer rate was measured for the cases with or without biofilm, which proved the high rate of oxygen transfer in the case with nitrifying biofilm which performed nitrification. When the Gas-permeable film with nitrifying biofilm was applied to the treatment of wastewater, denitrifying biofilm formed on the nitrifying biofilm, and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred, resulting in the high rate of organic matter and T-N removal (7 gTOC/m2/d and 4 gT-N/m2/d, respectively). However, periodic sloughing of the denitrifying biofilm was needed to keep the oxygen transfer rate high. Energy consumption of the process using the film in the form of tubes was estimated to be less than 40% of that of the activated sludge process.

scholarly journals PROMPT BETA SPECTROSCOPY AS A DIAGNOSTIC FOR MIX IN IGNITED NIF CAPSULES

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 1029-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. HAYES ◽  
GERARD JUNGMAN ◽  
J. C. SOLEM ◽  
P. A. BRADLEY ◽  
R. S. RUNDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Beam Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Shell Material ◽  
National Ignition Facility ◽  
Confinement Fusion ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Beta Spectroscopy ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Beta Emission

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) technology is designed to drive deuterium–tritium (DT) internal confinement fusion (ICF) targets to ignition using indirect radiation from laser beam energy captured in a hohlraum. Hydrodynamical instabilities at interfaces in the ICF capsule leading to mix between the DT fuel and the ablator shell material are of fundamental physical interest and can affect the performance characteristics of the capsule. Here we describe new radiochemical diagnostics for mix processes in ICF capsules with plastic or Be (0.9% Cu ) ablator shells. Reactions of high-energy tritons with shell material produce high-energy β-emitters. We show that mix between the DT fuel and the shell material enhances high-energy prompt beta emission from these reactions by more than an order of magnitude over that expected in the absence of mix. We further show how a mix signal could be detectable in an ignition failure regime corresponding to yields greater than about 2 kJ.

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