8070 Miles from the Field to the Lab and Back: A Pragmatic Sequencing of Laboratory and Field-Based Fluid Testing and QAQC, A Case History from Sichuan Region, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.. Casero ◽  
A.. Gomaa ◽  
J.. Ronderos ◽  
K.. Cawiezel ◽  
W. J. Giffin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Proppant Transport ◽  
Field Laboratory ◽  
Successful Execution ◽  
Sichuan Region

Abstract The application of high viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) in unconventional plays has steadily increased over the past years, not only as alternatives to conventional friction reducers (FRs) but also as a direct replacement for the use of guar-based fluids. HVFRs demonstrate more efficient proppant transport, due to their unique rheological properties, concurrently with a high friction reduction effect allowing higher pumping rates. However, all these benefits come with few critical limitations related to frac water quality, compatibility with other additives, and static proppant suspension, which makes them very similar to conventional crosslinked gels regarding their Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) requirements at a well location during the field implementation. This paper illustrates the comprehensive laboratory efforts undertaken to evaluate different HVFR and crosslinked gel products, their successful field application supported by a robust and effective field QAQC process, and the critical importance of maintaining effective field-laboratory-field interaction/cycle to optimize the fluid design and maximize the results. Experimental studies on different products were conducted to measure the effect of frac water quality, HVFR loading, breaker loading, and compatibility with other additives used in the fluid recipe such as surfactants, scale inhibitors, and biocides. The ability of HVFR to suspend and transport proppant is not only a function of polymer loading but also highly influenced by fluid velocity as static and semi-dynamic proppant suspension tests demonstrate. Additionally, a full dynamic proppant transport test was also conducted using a multi-branched slot apparatus to simulate the flow inside a complex fracture network. Field execution followed a strict QAQC protocol including water analysis, field laboratory tests, water filtration, mixing procedure, product storage, and transport allowing direct onsite replication of the results that had been previously obtained in the laboratory. Constant communication between the field and the laboratory allowed a successful execution of several treatments in a challenging shale play in the Sichuan Region, China. These treatments achieved record proppant placements and, just as importantly, they demonstrated repeatability and consistency over time; which had not previously been attained. Laboratory testing proved critical in confirming that product segregation was occurring, even if there was no visual observation of this phenomenon, which had resulted in initial difficulties in fluid quality and reliability. The presence of constant QAQC engineering support on location was instrumental in rapidly identifying the potential root cause(s) and efficiently and correctly applying the necessary corrective actions. This paper will highlight the importance of laboratory testing, in order to design and optimize the fluid system. The paper will also demonstrate how critical the onsite QAQC is through actual examples of fluid optimization and field implementation. These two activities, although requiring a substantial resource commitment and effort, are both required to achieve successful execution.

scholarly journals Ensemble of Deep Capsule Neural Networks: An Application to Pneumonia Prediction

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyostna Bodapati ◽  
Rohith V N ◽  
Venkatesulu Dondeti
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Pediatric Pneumonia ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Pneumonia Diagnosis

Abstract Pneumonia is the primary cause of death in children under the age of 5 years. Faster and more accurate laboratory testing aids in the prescription of appropriate treatment for children suspected of having pneumonia, lowering mortality. In this work, we implement a deep neural network model to efficiently evaluate pediatric pneumonia from chest radio graph images. Our network uses a combination of convolutional and capsule layers to capture abstract details as well as low level hidden features from the the radio graphic images, allowing the model to generate more generic predictions. Furthermore, we combine several capsule networks by stacking them together and connected them with dense layers. The joint model is trained as a single model using joint loss and the weights of the capsule layers are updated using the dynamic routing algorithm. The proposed model is evaluated using benchmark pneumonia dataset\cite{kermany2018identifying}, and the outcomes of our experimental studies indicate that the capsules employed in the network enhance the learning of disease level features that are essential in diagnosing pneumonia. According to our comparison studies, the proposed model with Convolution base from InceptionV3 attached with Capsule layers at the end surpasses several existing models by achieving an accuracy of 94.84\%. The proposed model is superior in terms of various performance measures such as accuracy and recall, and is well suited to real-time pediatric pneumonia diagnosis, substituting manual chest radiography examination.

scholarly journals A Review on the Control Parameters of Natural Convection in Different Shaped Cavities with and without Nanofluid

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Rostami ◽  
Saeed Aghakhani ◽  
Ahmad Hajatzadeh Pordanjani ◽  
Masoud Afrand ◽  
Goshtasp Cheraghian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Natural Convection ◽  
Free Convection ◽  
Forced Convection ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
Numerical Studies

Natural convection in cavities is an interesting subject for many researchers. Especially, in recent years, the number of articles written in this regard has grown enormously. This work provides a review of recent natural convection studies. At first, experimental studies were reviewed and, then, numerical studies were examined. Then, the articles were classified based on effective parameters. In each section, numerical studies were examined the parameters added to the cavity such as magnetic forces, fin, porous media and cavity angles. Moreover, studies on non-rectangular cavities were investigated. Free convection in enclosures depends more on the fluid velocity relative to the forced convection, leading to the opposite effect of some parameters that should essentially enhance rate of heat transfer. Nanoparticle addition, magnetic fields, fins, and porous media may increase forced convection. However, they can reduce free convection due to the reduction in fluid velocity. Thus, these parameters need more precision and sometimes need the optimization of effective parameters.

Experimental Studies on Advanced Treatment of Wastewater for Amenity Use

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 2401-2404
Author(s):  
S. Kuribayashi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Water Quality Standards

At Kawasaki City, the “Kawasaki Aqua-promenade Project” is being set up for amenity use of treated sewage in artificial “Seseragi” streams. From fiscal year 1987, an experimental study has been done in order to determine the advanced treatment process to be introduced in the Todoroki Sewage Works (planned water flow 395, 500 m3/d by pure oxygen activated sludge process) required for the implementation of the above project. In this study, a pilot scale experimental system was used on various advanced treatment processes required to achieve the water quality standards for amenity use (for their performance comparison). The results obtained indicate that the biological aerated filter (BAF) combined with ozonation is the optimum process to be introduced to achieve the water quality standards effectively and economically.

Field laboratory for an appropriate water treatment in a tropical karst region

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Matthies ◽  
M. Mendes de Oliveira ◽  
U. Obst
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Field Laboratory ◽  
Ceramic Filtration

The district of Gunung Kidul in Southern Java is one of the poorest regions in Indonesia. It is located above a big karst formation with very poor filtration and low storage capacity, which lead to vulnerable water quality all year round and acute water shortages in the dry season. Deficient waste water treatment combined with fast and direct infiltration into the karst results in high levels of contamination in the groundwater, which is used for drinking. To improve the water quality, a three-step water treatment concept was developed and selected technologies were examined in a field laboratory for their disinfection efficiency under local conditions: chlorination, UV disinfection, and ceramic filtration. The first results suggested that UV disinfection is effective, but might be too vulnerable, that chlorination seemed not to be reliable under local conditions, and that ceramic filtration seemed to be the most efficient technology.

scholarly journals Superhydrophobic surfaces of the water bug Notonecta glauca: a model for friction reduction and air retention

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Ditsche-Kuru ◽  
Erik S Schneider ◽  
Jan-Erik Melskotte ◽  
Martin Brede ◽  
Alfred Leder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Complex Surface ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Superhydrophobic Surfaces ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Structured Surfaces ◽  
Ship Hulls ◽  
Air Film

Superhydrophobic surfaces of plants and animals are of great interest for biomimetic applications. Whereas the self-cleaning properties of superhydrophobic surfaces have been extensively investigated, their ability to retain an air film while submerged under water has not, in the past, received much attention. Nevertheless, air retaining surfaces are of great economic and ecological interest because an air film can reduce friction of solid bodies sliding through the water. This opens perspectives for biomimetic applications such as low friction fluid transport or friction reduction on ship hulls. For such applications the durability of the air film is most important. While the air film on most superhydrophobic surfaces usually lasts no longer than a few days, a few semi-aquatic plants and insects are able to hold an air film over a longer time period. Currently, we found high air film persistence under hydrostatic conditions for the elytra of the backswimmer Notonecta glauca which we therefore have chosen for further investigations. In this study, we compare the micro- and nanostructure of selected body parts (sternites, upper side of elytra, underside of elytra) in reference to their air retaining properties. Our investigations demonstrate outstanding air film persistence of the upper side of the elytra of Notonecta glauca under hydrostatic and hydrodynamic conditions. This hierarchically structured surface was able to hold a complete air film under hydrostatic conditions for longer than 130 days while on other body parts with simple structures the air film showed gaps (underside of elytra) or even vanished completely after a few days (sternites). Moreover, the upper side of the elytra was able to keep an air film up to flow velocities of 5 m/s. Obviously the complex surface structure with tiny dense microtrichia and two types of larger specially shaped setae is relevant for this outstanding ability. Besides high air film persistence, the observation of a considerable fluid velocity directly at the air–water interface indicates the ability to reduce friction significantly. The combination of these two abilities makes these hierarchically structured surfaces extremely interesting as a biomimetic model for low friction fluid transport or drag reduction on ship hulls.

New Friction Reducer Boosters Enhance Friction Reduction and Proppant Transport: Case Studies - Superlaterals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Xu ◽  
James Ogle ◽  
Todd Collier ◽  
Ian Straffin ◽  
Teddy Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Proppant Transport ◽  
Friction Reducer

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF TSUNAMI BORE IMPINGEMENT ON A SIMPLIFIED COASTAL BUILDING

2018 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Wei-Liang Chuang ◽  
Kuang-An Chang ◽  
James Kaihatu ◽  
Rodrigo Cienfuegos ◽  
Cyril Mokrani
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Wave Structure ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Sloping Beach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wave Structure Interaction

Numerous laboratory efforts were devoted to improve our understanding to the process of tsunami wave-structure interaction and provide valuable data to validate numerical and analytical models. However, the highly turbulent and multiphase nature of tsunami bores makes the study of their impacts very challenging. Many experimental studies (e.g., Shafiei et al. 2016) employed wave gauges to measure the bore height and estimate the bore front velocity based on shallow water equations. Considering the complexity of the flow and its impact with structures, the conversion between the bore height and the bore velocity is far from straightforward. Therefore, this study attempts to apply the bubble image velocimetry (BIV, Ryu et al. 2005) technique to directly measure the flow velocities during the tsunami bore impact. A tsunami wave, that breaks on a sloping beach, propagates inland as a form of bore, and impinges on a rigid structure, is considered as the scenario of interest. The objective is to perform a comprehensive investigation on the borestructure interaction by examining the fluid velocity, impact pressure, and surge force during the impact event with various structure headings.

scholarly journals Effective field theory for hydrodynamics without boosts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jácome Armas ◽  
Akash Jain
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Effective Field Theory ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Transport Coefficients ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Covariant Formulation ◽  
Diffusion Mode ◽  
Sound Modes ◽  
Shear Modes ◽  
Theory Framework

We formulate the Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theory of hydrodynamics without boost symmetry. This includes a spacetime covariant formulation of classical hydrodynamics without boosts with an additional conserved particle/charge current coupled to Aristotelian background sources. We find that, up to first order in derivatives, the theory is characterised by the thermodynamic equation of state and a total of 29 independent transport coefficients, in particular, 3 hydrostatic, 9 non-hydrostatic non-dissipative, and 17 dissipative. Furthermore, we study the spectrum of linearised fluctuations around anisotropic equilibrium states with non-vanishing fluid velocity. This analysis reveals a pair of sound modes that propagate at different speeds along and opposite to the fluid flow, one charge diffusion mode, and two distinct shear modes along and perpendicular to the fluid velocity. We present these results in a new hydrodynamic frame that is linearly stable irrespective of the boost symmetry in place. This provides a unified covariant stable approach for simultaneously treating Lorentzian, Galilean, and Lifshitz fluids within an effective field theory framework and sets the stage for future studies of non-relativistic intertwined patterns of symmetry breaking.

High Performance Friction Reducer for Slickwater Fracturing Applications: Laboratory Study and Field Implementation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Al-Hulail ◽  
Oscar Arauji ◽  
Ali AlZaki ◽  
Mohamed Zeghouani
Keyword(s):  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Proppant Transport ◽  
Viscosity Measurements ◽  
Lower Viscosity ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Friction Reducer

Abstract Proppant placement in a tight formation is extremely challenging. Therefore, using a high viscous friction reducer (HVFR) as a fracturing fluid for stimulation treatment in tight gas reservoirs is increasing within the industry because it can transport proppant, help reduce pipe friction generated during hydraulic-fracturing treatments, and efficiently clean up similar to the lower viscosity friction reducers (FRs). In this paper the implementation of the robust HVFR that is building higher viscosity at low concentrations, which minimizes energy loss and promotes turbulent flow within the pipe during the pumping of low viscosity, is discussed in detail. Performance evaluation of the new HVFR was conducted in the laboratory and compared to the lower viscosity FR. The study consisted of viscosity measurements at 70 and 180°F, compatibility with other additives, and proppant transport capabilities. Additionally, the viscosity generated from both FRs was compared using two water sources: water well A and treated sewage water. Viscosity measurements were performed across a wide range of FR and HVFR concentrations and under varying shear rates using a digital viscometer. To validate drag reduction capabilities for this HVFR in the field, the same groundwater with low salinity and low total dissolved solids (TDS) content were used for comparison purposes. The test plan for this new HVFR was for a well to be drilled to a total depth of 17,801 ft MD (10,693 ft TVD) with a 6,016-ft lateral section. Another part of the plan was to complete 41 stages—the first stage with the toe initiator, and subsequent stages using ball drops until Stage 8, were completed using the current FR. For Stage 8, the drag reduction from the new HVFR was evaluated against the current FR only during the pad stage. Then, FR or HVFR concentrations were used, with a gradual reduction from 2 to 1 gpt without compromising proppant placement from stages 9 to 37, alternating current FR and the new HVFR every four stages. From Stage 38 to 41, the same approach was used but with treated sewage water and alternating every other stage using current FR or HVFR at 1gpt. The implementation of the new HVFR showed better friction reduction when using the same concentration of the current FR. Also, achieving better average treating pressures with lower concentration. Based on that it is a cost-effective solution and the performance is better, this lead to reduce the HVFR volume to be pumped per stage compared to the current FR. Applications/Significance/Novelty For this study, drag reduction capabilities for this new HVFR were validated in the field at higher pumping rate conditions, potentially optimizing (reducing) the polymer concentration during a freshwater application. It was shown that lower concentrations of this HVFR provided higher viscosity, which helps improve proppant transport and operation placement.

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