Analysis Behind Casing to Assess Zonal Isolation and Casing Deterioration in a High Pressure Exploratory Well - ABC to Z of Well Integrity Barrier Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassaan Ahmed ◽  
Mohammad Rasheed Khan ◽  
Abdul Bari ◽  
Kamran Rashid ◽  
Syed Dost Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Wave ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Flexural Mode ◽  
Well Integrity ◽  
Casing Wear ◽  
Drag Analysis ◽  
Pulse Echo

Abstract The UHP exploratory well subject of this study faced with myriad challenges, including fishing, side-tracking, and other undesirable incidents with consequences to the 9-7/8" production casing. Torque and drag analysis, preliminary casing wear simulations, and actual drilling parameters pointed towards multiple uncertainties concerning barrier integrity. Consequently, a multi-physics evaluation was conducted including well-integrity logs in a combination of thickness-mode with flexural-mode of the casing. Signals from these independent measurements are then processed to provide robust interpretation of solid-liquid-gas behind casing using acquired flexural attenuation and acoustic impedance data. In addition, casing wear is quantified by thickness changes measured through the resonance frequency of the waveform and represented in the form of a joint-by-joint corrosion summary, reporting the average metal loss. Furthermore, propagation of flexural wave-fronts as it leaks to the third interface is tracked to produce a unique image of the annulus geometry in terms of casing eccentricity and acoustic velocity of the medium. Subsequently, the former, provides a quantifiable, unique in-situ casing standoff measurement to be used for centralization evaluation. Application of the developed data-integrated workflow allowed for comprehensively analyzing well integrity barrier condition. Cement barriers were assessed with confidence by flexural imaging, which were difficult to determine solely with pulse-echo. Additionally, annulus imaging using third interface-echo (TIE) helped in characterizing the potential causes of casing wear and quality of cement behind casing by providing actual in-situ casing standoff. It was observed that casing wear was at the low side of the wellbore where the casing had the least standoff as shown by flexural waveform TIE arrivals. Moreover, high percentage of metal loss was correlated to regions with centralization lower than 40-50%. Integration of these results with casing side forces and remaining casing strength (under worst case scenario) was performed to evaluate casing endurance for future drilling, production, and injection operations.

Using Finite Element Analysis to Prioritize ILI Calls for Combined Features: Dents in Bends

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kemp ◽  
Justin Gossard ◽  
Shane Finneran ◽  
Joseph Bratton
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Pipe Bend ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
Combined Features

Pipeline in-line-inspections (ILI) are used to assess and track the integrity of pipelines, aiding in identifying a variety of features such as: metal loss, dents, out-of-roundness, cracks, etc. The presence of these features can negatively affect the operation, integrity, and remaining life of a pipeline. Proper interpretation of the impacts these features may have on a pipeline are crucial to maintaining the integrity of a pipeline. Several codes and publications exist to assess the severity of these features under known operating conditions, either through empirical formulations or more detailed analysis, in order to aid the operator in determining a corrective action plan. These empirical formulations are generally applicable to assess a singular defect but require a more detailed assessment to evaluate combined defects (i.e. dent in a bend). These detailed assessments typically require a higher level numerical simulation, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This detailed FEA can be quite costly and time consuming to evaluate each set of combined features in a given ILI run. Thus, engineering judgement is critical in determining a worst-case scenario of a given feature set in order to prioritize assessment and corrective action. This study aims to assess dent features (many associated with metal loss) occurring in a pipe bend to determine a worst-case scenario for prioritization of a given feature listing. FEA was used to simulate a field bend of a given radius and angle in order to account for residual stresses in the pipe bend. A rigid indenter was used to form a dent of the approximate length, width, and depth from the ILI data. Separate models were evaluated considering the dent occurring in the intrados, extrados, and neutral axis of the pipe bend to evaluate the worst-case scenario for further assessment. The resulting stresses in the pipe bend-dent geometry, under proper loading were compared to the same dent scenario in a straight pipe segment to develop a stress concentration factor (SCF). This SCF was used in the API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness for Service (API 579) [1] methodology to determine the impact on the remaining life of the combined features.

Data-Driven Integration to Delineate Zonal Isolation and Casing Deterioration Using Advanced Ultrasonic Technology – A Blueprint to Well Integrity Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rasheed Khan ◽  
Hassaan Ahmed ◽  
Abdul Bari ◽  
Kamran Rashid ◽  
Syed Dost Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Waveform Analysis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Flexural Mode ◽  
Cement Interface ◽  
The Third ◽  
Well Integrity ◽  
Wave Imaging ◽  
Pulse Echo

Abstract State-of-the-art advanced ultrasonic measurement through the Leaky-Lamb wave imaging technique (more commonly known as the flexural waveform analysis) was introduced nearly two decades ago to expand the envelope beyond which the classical pulse-echo evaluation operated. This technology has proven to be a game-changer in cement evaluation through provision of an integrated analysis which deconvolutes beyond the casing-cement interface and investigates further into the third interface. In this work, we integrate the cutting-edge analysis provided by ultrasonic flexural mode with the classical pulse-echo approach to yield a novel well-integrity evaluation blueprint. Subsequently, it is shown how this workflow is applied to an ultra-high pressure (UHP) exploratory well for integrity evaluation which will aid in future optimization of completion strategies and constitute a continuous improvement cycle for other wells. The subject well faced potential integrity related uncertainties due to fishing and cementing related issues. A three-tier approach was adopted to develop the blueprint, starting off with problem identification with respect to the various operations and incidents that occurred on this well. Next, based on the anticipated problems, associated solutions to evaluate the same were investigated by considering the technologies and standard procedures practiced by the industry. Finally, based on the previous two steps, a multi-physics approach was adopted that makes use of a combination of pulse-echo and flexural ultrasonic analysis, in addition to multiple well integrity workflows. Consequently, combination of flexural attenuation and acoustic impedance allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the medium behind the casing through the Solid-Liquid-Gas map. Simultaneously, it is possible to quantify casing thickness and internal radius variations through pulse-echo amplitude and resonance frequency characterization. Furthermore, the Third-Interface-Echo analysis is conducted to determine annulus geometry descriptions and produce a unique in-situ casing centralization measurement. The proposed well integrity blueprint contains various building blocks that are key to evaluation processes and provide a linkage-based approach to delineate potential problems. Accordingly, application of this blueprint illustrated the investigative approach it delivers with respect to cement barrier classification and casing condition assessment

Evaluating Casing Condition Through Integration of Multi-Finger Calipers and Ultrasonic Imaging with Casing Wear Analysis - A Hybrid Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassaan Ahmed ◽  
Mohammad Rasheed Khan ◽  
Kamran Rashid ◽  
Abdul Bari ◽  
Syed Dost Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Imaging ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Well Integrity ◽  
Well Trajectory ◽  
Maximum Penetration ◽  
Casing Deformation ◽  
Pulse Echo

Abstract Casing degradation evaluation is of prime importance to ensure well integrity system reliability and sustainability. Multi-finger calipers have been around for more than 50 years and are used to assess internal casing damage. In addition, high resolution ultrasonic imaging, introduced relatively recently, determines casing thickness by transmitting pulse-echo waveforms to initiate thickness-mode of the casing through induction of mechanical resonance. A high-profile exploratory gas well was at stake of being compromised due to fishing and cable sticking incidents in the 7-inch section. In this work, a novel combination of multi-finger caliper and ultrasonic imaging is investigated to accurately determine metal loss with assistance of hybrid threedimensional casing morphological visualizations which is then utilized to validate casing derating models and ensure well integrity. In order to evaluate the casing condition, it was decided to run a 24-finger caliper tool and to make up for loss of coverage area, ultrasonic imaging was employed. In order to process caliper data from various fingers, a three-tier process was applied which includes finger calibration, caliper correction due to eccentricity, finger sticking, finger offset, and lastly statistical analysis was conducted to generate corrosion summary report for metal penetration computations. Next, characteristic of the casing resonance was processed to measure thickness and compared with the nominal thickness to determine metal loss percentage. Furthermore, arithmetical analysis of internal casing radius measurements from both the tools was done to ensure data reliability. Ultimately, combining the measurements, 3D descriptions were generated in order to better characterize localized damage. A multi-physics approach led to a comprehensive characterization of in-situ casing condition. Consistency between internal radius measured by the calipers and deduced by pulse- echo arrivals was observed, improving confidence on the end-product. In the 7-inch casing section, a 40-meters interval was identified to have medium intensity grooves where the maximum penetration was computed to be in excess of 20% of the nominal pipe thickness This groove can be associated with tripping in / out operations of drill string or BHA. Also, the log results agree with the relatively higher side forces across this interval due to increased dog-leg-severity. In addition, cyclic response in radius measurements identified another zone where potential casing deformation (ovalization) near the surface was observed. Results of torque and drag simulations and well trajectory parameters were integrated with casing degradation analysis from the logs which assisted in qualifying well barrier status for the casing.

Reducing Probabilistic Weather Forecasts to the Worst Case Scenario: Anchoring Effects

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Savelli ◽  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Limor Nadav-Greenberg ◽  
Queena Chen
Keyword(s):  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
Anchoring Effects

EXPEDITION TO MALI, 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
D. V. Vaniukova ◽  
◽  
P. A. Kutsenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Murder ◽  
The State ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
State Museum ◽  
Bobo Dioulasso ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The Village

The research expedition of the Institute of Oriental studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences has been working in Mali since 2015. Since 2017, it has been attended by employees of the State Museum of the East. The task of the expedition is to study the transformation of traditional Dogon culture in the context of globalization, as well as to collect ethnographic information (life, customs, features of the traditional social and political structure); to collect oral historical legends; to study the history, existence, and transformation of artistic tradition in the villages of the Dogon Country in modern conditions; collecting items of Ethnography and art to add to the collection of the African collection of the. Peter the Great Museum (Kunstkamera, Saint Petersburg) and the State Museum of Oriental Arts (Moscow). The plan of the expedition in January 2020 included additional items, namely, the study of the functioning of the antique market in Mali (the “path” of things from villages to cities, which is important for attributing works of traditional art). The geography of our research was significantly expanded to the regions of Sikasso and Koulikoro in Mali, as well as to the city of Bobo-Dioulasso and its surroundings in Burkina Faso, which is related to the study of migrations to the Bandiagara Highlands. In addition, the plan of the expedition included organization of a photo exhibition in the Museum of the village of Endé and some educational projects. Unfortunately, after the mass murder in March 2019 in the village of Ogossogou-Pel, where more than one hundred and seventy people were killed, events in the Dogon Country began to develop in the worst-case scenario: The incessant provocations after that revived the old feud between the Pel (Fulbe) pastoralists and the Dogon farmers. So far, this hostility and mutual distrust has not yet developed into a full-scale ethnic conflict, but, unfortunately, such a development now seems quite likely.

Risk-Based Robust Bidding Strategies for EVs’ Aggregators in Day-ahead Markets with Uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdelmoaty ◽  
Wessam Mesbah ◽  
Mohammad A. M. Abdel-Aal ◽  
Ali T. Alawami
Keyword(s):  
Robust Optimization ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Bidding Strategies ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Optimal Bidding

In the recent electricity market framework, the profit of the generation companies depends on the decision of the operator on the schedule of its units, the energy price, and the optimal bidding strategies. Due to the expanded integration of uncertain renewable generators which is highly intermittent such as wind plants, the coordination with other facilities to mitigate the risks of imbalances is mandatory. Accordingly, coordination of wind generators with the evolutionary Electric Vehicles (EVs) is expected to boost the performance of the grid. In this paper, we propose a robust optimization approach for the coordination between the wind-thermal generators and the EVs in a virtual<br>power plant (VPP) environment. The objective of maximizing the profit of the VPP Operator (VPPO) is studied. The optimal bidding strategy of the VPPO in the day-ahead market under uncertainties of wind power, energy<br>prices, imbalance prices, and demand is obtained for the worst case scenario. A case study is conducted to assess the e?effectiveness of the proposed model in terms of the VPPO's profit. A comparison between the proposed model and the scenario-based optimization was introduced. Our results confirmed that, although the conservative behavior of the worst-case robust optimization model, it helps the decision maker from the fluctuations of the uncertain parameters involved in the production and bidding processes. In addition, robust optimization is a more tractable problem and does not suffer from<br>the high computation burden associated with scenario-based stochastic programming. This makes it more practical for real-life scenarios.<br>

scholarly journals A Thermally Conductive Pt/AAO Catalyst for Hydrogen Passive Autocatalytic Recombination

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Alina E. Kozhukhova ◽  
Stephanus P. du Preez ◽  
Aleksander A. Malakhov ◽  
Dmitri G. Bessarabov
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Combustion Temperature ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Thermal Distribution

In this study, a Pt/anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) catalyst was prepared by the anodization of an Al alloy (Al6082, 97.5% Al), followed by the incorporation of Pt via an incipient wet impregnation method. Then, the Pt/AAO catalyst was evaluated for autocatalytic hydrogen recombination. The Pt/AAO catalyst’s morphological characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average Pt particle size was determined to be 3.0 ± 0.6 nm. This Pt/AAO catalyst was tested for the combustion of lean hydrogen (0.5–4 vol% H2 in the air) in a recombiner section testing station. The thermal distribution throughout the catalytic surface was investigated at 3 vol% hydrogen (H2) using an infrared camera. The Al/AAO system had a high thermal conductivity, which prevents the formation of hotspots (areas where localized surface temperature is higher than an average temperature across the entire catalyst surface). In turn, the Pt stability was enhanced during catalytic hydrogen combustion (CHC). A temperature gradient over 70 mm of the Pt/AAO catalyst was 23 °C and 42 °C for catalysts with uniform and nonuniform (worst-case scenario) Pt distributions. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CCM+ was used to compare the experimentally observed and numerically simulated thermal distribution of the Pt/AAO catalyst. The effect of the initial H2 volume fraction on the combustion temperature and conversion of H2 was investigated. The activation energy for CHC on the Pt/AAO catalyst was 19.2 kJ/mol. Prolonged CHC was performed to assess the durability (reactive metal stability and catalytic activity) of the Pt/AAO catalyst. A stable combustion temperature of 162.8 ± 8.0 °C was maintained over 530 h of CHC. To confirm that Pt aggregation was avoided, the Pt particle size and distribution were determined by TEM before and after prolonged CHC.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Match Demands Using Ball-in-Play versus Whole Match Data in Professional Soccer Players of the English Championship

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Dylan Mernagh ◽  
Anthony Weldon ◽  
Josh Wass ◽  
John Phillips ◽  
Nimai Parmar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Peak Match ◽  
Playing Time

This is the first study to report the whole match, ball-in-play (BiP), ball-out-of-play (BoP), and Max BiP (worst case scenario phases of play) demands of professional soccer players competing in the English Championship. Effective playing time per soccer game is typically <60 min. When the ball is out of play, players spend time repositioning themselves, which is likely less physically demanding. Consequently, reporting whole match demands may under-report the physical requirements of soccer players. Twenty professional soccer players, categorized by position (defenders, midfielders, and forwards), participated in this study. A repeated measures design was used to collect Global Positioning System (GPS) data over eight professional soccer matches in the English Championship. Data were divided into whole match and BiP data, and BiP data were further sub-divided into different time points (30–60 s, 60–90 s, and >90 s), providing peak match demands. Whole match demands recorded were compared to BiP and Max BiP, with BiP data excluding all match stoppages, providing a more precise analysis of match demands. Whole match metrics were significantly lower than BiP metrics (p < 0.05), and Max BiP for 30–60 s was significantly higher than periods between 60–90 s and >90 s. No significant differences were found between positions. BiP analysis allows for a more accurate representation of the game and physical demands imposed on professional soccer players. Through having a clearer understanding of maximum game demands in professional soccer, practitioners can design more specific training methods to better prepare players for worst case scenario passages of play.

scholarly journals Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Causes Low Levels of Parasitism in Three North American Pentatomids Under Field Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M Milnes ◽  
Elizabeth H Beers
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trissolcus Japonicus

Abstract Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), an Asian parasitoid of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), was first detected in North America in 2014. Although testing in quarantine facilities as a candidate for classical biological control is ongoing, adventive populations have appeared in multiple sites in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Extensive laboratory testing of T. japonicus against other North American pentatomids and H. halys has revealed a higher rate of parasitism of H. halys, but not complete host specificity. However, laboratory tests are necessarily artificial, in which many host finding and acceptance cues may be circumvented. We offered sentinel egg masses of three native pentatomid (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) pest species (Chinavia hilaris (Say), Euschistus conspersus Uhler, and Chlorochroa ligata (Say)) in a field paired-host assay in an area with a well-established adventive population of T. japonicus near Vancouver, WA. Overall, 67% of the H. halys egg masses were parasitized by T. japonicus during the 2-yr study. Despite the ‘worst case’ scenario for a field test (close proximity of the paired egg masses), the rate of parasitism (% eggs producing adult wasps) on all three native species was significantly less (0.4–8%) than that on H. halys eggs (77%). The levels of successful parasitism of T. japonicus of the three species are C. hilaris > E. conspersus > C. ligata. The potential impact of T. japonicus on these pentatomids is probably minimal.

scholarly journals Coupling Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Statistical Moments for Designing Healthy Indoor Spaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamia Hoque ◽  
Firoza Omar
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Statistical Moments ◽  
Dispersion Pattern ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Indoor Spaces

Cross-contamination between occupants in an indoor space may occur due to transfer of infectious aerosols. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides detailed insight into particle transport in indoor spaces. However, such simulations are site-specific. This study couples CFD with statistical moments and establishes a framework that transitions site-specific results to generating guidelines for designing “healthy” indoor spaces. Eighteen cases were simulated, and three parameters were assessed: inlet/outlet location, air changes per hour, and the presence/absence of desks. Aerosol release due to a simulated “sneeze” in a two-dimensional ventilated space was applied as a test case. Mean, standard deviation, and skewness of the velocity profiles and particle locations gave an overall picture of the spread and movement of the air flow in the domain. A parameter or configuration did not dominate the values, confirming the significance of considering the combined influence of multiple parameters for determining localized air-flow characteristics. Particle clustering occurred more when the inlet was positioned above the outlet. The particle dispersion pattern could be classified into two time zones: “near time”, <60 s, and “far time”, >120 s. Based on dosage, the 18 cases were classified into three groups ranging from worst case scenario to best case scenario.

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