Methodology for First Coiled Tubing Application in a Problematic Unconventional Well with Proven 17,500 Psi Bottom Hole Pressure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Valiyev ◽  
Hajagha Mammadov ◽  
Pedro Correa ◽  
Richard Reid

Abstract A deviated newly drilled gas well in Western Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan, with a flowing water reservoir pressure of 17,500-psi and a flowing gas reservoir pressure of 12,200-psi was unable to regain flow after an unsuccessful attempt to bullhead produced water back into the well. During the bullheading operation, there was a peak registered pumping pressure of 12,933-psi without admission of fluid into formation. Producing interval was 5880mTVD with a MASP of 9,700-psi for gas reservoir. Coiled Tubing was the most viable option to identify the problem, to solve it and to regain access to the lower completion and then proceed with interval abandonment program. This being an unconventional well in multiple aspects, presented serious challenges accentuated in Safety, Well Integrity Control, Obstruction Removal, and Well Conditioning Plan Forward. Integrity of completion was believed to be compromised by the high pumping pressures applied during bullheading and a confirmed communication between production tubing and "A annulus". After performing 2 rig site visits, an action plan was issued to adjust the platform for a Coiled Tubing intervention for the first time. Points to be developed in the plan were HSE, Structural Analysis and modifications required for proper equipment accommodation. For well integrity control, it was imperative to evaluate the potential scenarios which could have led to the problematic well status. Completion history and specifications were reviewed to assure each of the potential operating scenarios could be controlled without compromising well integrity. On obstruction removal, simulation software was used to design procedure with optimum string, chemicals, rates and fluids to be used for the operation and which contingency fluids considered to be available offshore. It is challenging to perform effective cleanouts in completions with 2 different sizes of tubings (IDs 3.74" & 2.2") combined with restrictions (1.92" nipple), the success is a function of overcoming limited fluid pumping rates, slow annular velocities, particle sizes, cleaning speeds, among others. Well conditioning for future completion operations was planned depending on successful achievements of the coiled tubing intervention. A total of 14 runs with coiled tubing using different BHA configurations were performed to complete the scope. Well was safely and successfully cleaned from a starting depth of 2,512mMD to a target depth of 5,864mMD (5,610mTVD) by removing mud deposits, consolidated sand bridges and completion restrictions. Throughout the cleanout operation, best practices discussed on planning stage were applied to remove multiple obstructions encountered and dealing with potential corkscrewed casing. By accomplishing the well delivery, it is evident that the methodology followed during the planning stage and execution, was crucial to save the well from being lost or abandoned. There was an uncertainty whether the completion integrity was compromised by the high pressures used during the bullheading operation. Novelty in this intervention was the methodology for the risk assessment for an unconventional live well intervention with a 17,500-psi BHP, unseen pressure in the region. Thorough structural analysis was performed to assure the coiled tubing equipment could be placed safely on the platform to condition the well to regain production

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
B. Z. Kazymov ◽  
◽  
K. K. Nasirova ◽  

A method is proposed for determining the distribution of reservoir pressure over time in a nonequilibrium-deformable gas reservoir in the case of real gas flow to the well under different technological conditions of well operation, taking into account the real properties of the gas and the reservoir.


Author(s):  
R Padma Rani & R Harshani

Structural analysis is used to assess the behavior of engineering structures under the application of loads. Usually, structural analysis methods include analytical,experimental and numerical methods is used in thisproject, however, only Analytical method is used and the values are taken from literature reference, to get familiar with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS, this is done to acquire practical knowledge about of the effect of the cover. The aim is to identify different failure modes under a range of loading conditions by changing the cover size to get the data of various parameters such as deflection, stress etc. Study of cover helps to observe the stability, reliability and the overall strength of the structural beam. This project attempts made to study the effect of cover on the behavior of reinforced concrete beam. Forthis analytical study, the Reinforced concrete beam specimen of 2000x100x200mm was considered.ANSYS software is a suite of engineering simulation software, based on finite element method, which can solve problems ranging from linear analysis to nonlinear analysis. The Doubly reinforced beams weremodeled by using geometry. In this model,various covers are provided. The beam specimensused in this study were tested under two-point static loading condition until failure of the specimen. From theobtained resultconcluded that the total deformation and directional deformation values are low in 25mm cover compared to other cases but the equivalent stress value is low in 35mm cover size compared to 25mm cover size.


2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Kavanagh ◽  
Randal Pruitt ◽  
Mike Reynolds ◽  
Richard Ortiz ◽  
Matt Shotenski ◽  
...  

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Cao ◽  
Jianxing Liao ◽  
Zhengmeng Hou ◽  
Hongcheng Xu ◽  
Faisal Mehmood ◽  
...  

Underground gas storage reservoirs (UGSRs) are used to keep the natural gas supply smooth. Native natural gas is commonly used as cushion gas to maintain the reservoir pressure and cannot be extracted in the depleted gas reservoir transformed UGSR, which leads to wasting huge amounts of this natural energy resource. CO2 is an alternative gas to avoid this particular issue. However, the mixing of CO2 and CH4 in the UGSR challenges the application of CO2 as cushion gas. In this work, the Donghae gas reservoir is used to investigate the suitability of using CO2 as cushion gas in depleted gas reservoir transformed UGSR. The impact of the geological and engineering parameters, including the CO2 fraction for cushion gas, reservoir temperature, reservoir permeability, residual water and production rate, on the reservoir pressure, gas mixing behavior, and CO2 production are analyzed detailly based on the 15 years cyclic gas injection and production. The results showed that the maximum accepted CO2 concentration for cushion gas is 9% under the condition of production and injection for 120 d and 180 d in a production cycle at a rate of 4.05 kg/s and 2.7 kg/s, respectively. The typical curve of the mixing zone thickness can be divided into four stages, which include the increasing stage, the smooth stage, the suddenly increasing stage, and the periodic change stage. In the periodic change stage, the mixed zone increases with the increasing of CO2 fraction, temperature, production rate, and the decreasing of permeability and water saturation. The CO2 fraction in cushion gas, reservoir permeability, and production rate have a significant effect on the breakthrough of CO2 in the production well, while the effect of water saturation and temperature is limited.


SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silviu Livescu ◽  
Steven Craig ◽  
Bill Aitken

Summary The lateral reach and residual bottomhole-assembly (BHA) loads in extended-reach wells strongly depend on the coiled-tubing (CT) mechanical friction. Detailed CT-friction modeling becomes crucial in the prejob planning stage to ensure successful job predictability. However, current numerical simulators consider constant coefficients of friction (CoFs) that are determined from similar operations without taking into account the effects of the operational and downhole parameters on the CoF for a specific operation. This study outlines the modeling of CT-friction force, CoF, and axial BHA loads depending on the operational and downhole parameters when a fluid-hammer tool is used. Recent theoretical, laboratory, and field data have established how CoF depends on the downhole parameters (Livescu and Wang 2014; Livescu and Watkins 2014; Livescu et al. 2014a, b; Livescu and Craig 2015). Previously, these effects were not considered in the CT numerical models, leading to significant CoF differences among available commercial simulators. For instance, the default CoFs in the current prejob simulations for cased holes, when no lubricant or friction-reducing tools such as fluid-hammer tools and tractors are used, vary between 0.24 and 0.30 or even higher. This makes it extremely difficult to consistently evaluate and compare the friction-reduction effects of lubricants, fluid-hammer tools, and tractors in extended-reach wells, especially when the field operator may be consulting with several service companies that use different commercial force-modeling software. This study presents the CT-force matching and fundamental physics on the basis of modeled fluid forces, including radial forces, drag forces, and, most importantly, pressure forces on the CT-friction forces caused by fluid-hammer tools. Extending the method of characteristics, regularly used for studying pressure pulses in straight pipes, the perturbations method also accounts for the helical shape of the CT. The new CT fluid-hammer model is validated against laboratory data. This rigorous method for calculating the axial BHA load and reduced CT-friction force caused by radial vibrations can be easily implemented in currently available tubing-force analysis (TFA) software for CT operations. This novel approach, which uses detailed CT mechanical-friction modeling to take into account parameters such as temperature, internal pressure, pumping rate, and others, improves predictions for CT reach in lateral wells. These findings broaden the current industry understanding of the CT mechanical friction modeling in extended-reach wells, and show benefits for the industry when considering variable friction modeling in commercial CT simulators.


2013 ◽  
Vol 706-708 ◽  
pp. 416-419
Author(s):  
Li Jun Cheng ◽  
Hong Yu Du ◽  
Zhi Guo Xie ◽  
Pei Wu Liu ◽  
Shuai Huang

Shale gas is an important unconventional energy resource. However its only achieved successful commercial exploitation in the United States and Canada. Shale gas well QY1 was carried out in southeast Chongqing.Taking this well as a case, the fracturing design optimization workflow and its practice are described in this paper. The fracturing feasibility of well QY1 was firstly determined by referencing all the physical parameters of target formation. Then the reservoir stress model was revised and reservoir stress profile was established as well. The reservoir simulation software (Eclipse) was applied to build reservoir geological model for predicting the gas production and determine the optimized permeability enhanced area (PEA). The unconventional fracturing model (UFM) was used to optimize the fluid volume and fracturing scale. And the final fracturing plan was made based on the optimized conclusions. This optimization workflow and the good result provide reliable technique support for the development of the shale gas reservoir in this area. Key Words: Shale gas, PEA, Fracture propagation model, UFM, Production predicting model, Optimization


2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom G. Kavanagh ◽  
Randal Dean Pruitt ◽  
Mike Reynolds ◽  
Richard Angelini Ortiz ◽  
Matt Shotenski ◽  
...  

Interest in high-speed articulated robots is increasing for product productivity expansion. High-speed articulated robots operate with rapid acceleration/deceleration moves, requiring dynamic characteristic analysis in the robot designing process. For this dynamic behavior analysis, simulation software is utilized, which supports product design verification and parts optimization. In analyzing the dynamic characteristics using the software, loading conditions can be obtained from experimental data or parts’ material characteristics. In a special case where data or experimental data on load conditions are hardly obtainable, multibody dynamics software is utilized. However, it is not easy to define an effective load and boundary conditions for systems with kinetically complicated connections. In order to solve such a problem, this present study investigated how to apply to structural analysis software the dynamic load found using dynamics and structural analysis software. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of high-speed articulated robots and robot link were assumed as a rigid body in implementing the dynamics analysis and structural analysis.


Lithosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (Special 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Zhang ◽  
Yingxu He ◽  
Chunqiu Guo ◽  
Yang Yu

Abstract Determination of gas in place (GIP) is among the hotspot issues in the field of oil/gas reservoir engineering. The conventional material balance method and other relevant approaches have found widespread application in estimating GIP of a gas reservoir or well-controlled gas reserves, but they are normally not cost-effective. To calculate GIP of abnormally pressured gas reservoirs economically and accurately, this paper deduces an iteration method for GIP estimation from production data, taking into consideration the pore shrinkage of reservoir rock and the volume expansion of irreducible water, and presents a strategy for selecting an initial iteration value of GIP. The approach, termed DMBM-APGR (dynamic material balance method for abnormally pressured gas reservoirs) here, is based on two equations: dynamic material balance equation and static material balance equation for overpressured gas reservoirs. The former delineates the relationship between the quasipressure at bottomhole pressure and the one at average reservoir pressure, and the latter reflects the relationship between average reservoir pressure and cumulative gas production, both of which are rigidly demonstrated in the paper using the basic theory of gas flow through porous media and material balance principle. The method proves effective with several numerical cases under various production schedules and a field case under a variable rate/variable pressure schedule, and the calculation error of GIP does not go beyond 5% provided that the production data are credible. DMBM-APGR goes for gas reservoirs with abnormally high pressure as well as those with normal pressure in virtue of its strict theoretical foundation, which not only considers the compressibilities of rock and bound water, but also reckons with the changes in production rate and variations of gas properties as functions of pressure. The method may serve as a valuable and reliable tool in determining gas reserves.


Author(s):  
Siti Rohmah

Women today have quite diverse roles, from educator to career. Currently they have various roles that can contribute to provide for family income. This research aims; 1) to identify the social entrepreneurship based on women’s empowerment through woven pandanus training, 2) to analyze the supporting factors and obstacles ocial entrepreneurship based on women’s empowerment through woven pandanus training. In this study used qualitative methods and data collection techniques using observation, interview, and documentation. Based on research that has been done, it can be concluded that social entrepreneurship based on women’s empowerment this uses several, stages preparation phase, assessment stage, alternative planning stage of the program or activity, the stage of formulation of the action plan, the stage of implementation and assistance, the evaluation phase, the termination stage. Women taught how to make crafts by utilizing the potential of the natural surroundings, namely pandanus leaves which can made into items that have sale value such as mats, hats, player mats and bags. Furthermore, the supporting factors in the empowerment activities through this craft and woven training, there is collaboration between Pandan’s Craft and the agency/company. Finally, the inhibiting factors such as the low human resources and lack of curiosity.


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