Improving Waterflood Recovery Efficiency in Carbonate Reservoirs through Salinity Variations and Ionic Exchanges: A Promising Low-Cost "Smart-Waterflood" Approach

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Yi ◽  
Hemanta Kumar Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Ionic Exchanges ◽  
Salinity Variations

scholarly journals An Alternative Statistical Model for Predicting Salinity Variations in Estuaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10677
Author(s):  
Ronghui Ye ◽  
Jun Kong ◽  
Chengji Shen ◽  
Jinming Zhang ◽  
Weisheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River Estuary ◽  
Large River ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Salinity Variations

Accurate salinity prediction can support the decision-making of water resources management to mitigate the threat of insufficient freshwater supply in densely populated estuaries. Statistical methods are low-cost and less time-consuming compared with numerical models and physical models for predicting estuarine salinity variations. This study proposes an alternative statistical model that can more accurately predict the salinity series in estuaries. The model incorporates an autoregressive model to characterize the memory effect of salinity and includes the changes in salinity driven by river discharge and tides. Furthermore, the Gamma distribution function was introduced to correct the hysteresis effects of river discharge, tides and salinity. Based on fixed corrections of long-term effects, dynamic corrections of short-term effects were added to weaken the hysteresis effects. Real-world model application to the Pearl River Estuary obtained satisfactory agreement between predicted and measured salinity peaks, indicating the accuracy of salinity forecasting. Cross-validation and weekly salinity prediction under small, medium and large river discharges were also conducted to further test the reliability of the model. The statistical model provides a good reference for predicting salinity variations in estuaries.

scholarly journals Energy recovery efficiency of Low Cost Microbial Fuel Cell using Domestic Wastewater

2020 ◽  
Vol 955 ◽  
pp. 012099
Author(s):  
Vishnupavya Umasankar ◽  
Danyaa Manjai V Mohan ◽  
Vishvapriya kalaivanan ◽  
Deepika sree Krishnakumar ◽  
Vasudevan Mangottiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Recovery Efficiency

INVESTIGATION OF LOW SALINE WATER’S EFFECTS ON RELATIVE PERMEABILITY IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Hematpour ◽  
Mohammad Parvazdavani ◽  
Saeed Abbasi ◽  
Syed Mohammad Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Karoon River ◽  
The North ◽  
Relative Permeability Curves ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Low Salinity Water flooding (LSW) is one of the favorable subsets of water flooding EOR methods due to its great advantages over normal water flooding; having a low cost of operation and being environmentally-friendly. LSW has been studied in mathematical, experimentally and practically point of view in numerous numbers of sandstone cases in the worldwide.  Existing of giant carbonate reservoirs containing a great amount of petroleum in the regions of the North Sea and the Middle East have been turned into a motivation for the relevant experts to focuses on the possibility of running an LSW project in a carbonate reservoir. Accordingly, this paper aims to investigate this possibility through running two sets of flooding tests on selected cores from one of Iranian carbonate reservoirs. In more details, on each core two water flooding tests have been conducted in which the first test have been run by a sample of water from the Persian Gulf with high salinity and in the second one the injected water has been from Karoon River with a lower rate of salinity. Then, the recovery factor from both tests of a target core has been compared. The results indicate that running an LSW have been caused improvement in recovery factors which was approved by relative permeability curves analysis.

Ocean Energy On-Demand Using Underocean Compressed Air Storage

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Salt Dome ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Ocean Energy ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Storage Chamber ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Design Challenge

Renewable ocean energy sources are typically highly variable and uncontrolled, resulting in the production of low value electricity. Storing energy in the form of compressed air is a mature technology on land. Utilizing hydrostatic pressure at depth in the ocean to maintain constant pressure in the air supply chamber offers large recovery efficiency advantages. If salt dome caverns are not available, the design challenge is the development of a low cost bottom-founded air storage chamber.

Mechanisms of Enhanced Natural Imbibition With Novel Chemicals

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (06) ◽  
pp. 912-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieyuan Zhang ◽  
Quoc P. Nguyen ◽  
Adam Flaaten ◽  
Gary A. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Type I ◽  
Water Imbibition ◽  
Fractured Carbonate

Summary A large body of literature has reflected an extensive experimental study of natural imbibition driven by local capillary pressures at high interfacial tension (IFT). However, water imbibition induced by emulsification at low IFT is not well understood. Recently, anionic surfactants have been shown to induce imbibition in mixed- and oil-wet carbonates. Sodium carbonate has been used to reduce the surfactant adsorption. However, calcium and other divalent cations can cause precipitation of the alkali unless soft water is used. This is a significant limitation of sodium carbonate. The present research both advances our understanding of the use of chemicals to enhance oil recovery (EOR) from fractured carbonate reservoirs and indicates how the process can be optimized using novel chemicals. This research applies to the improvement of oil recovery from mixed- and oil-wet fractured carbonate reservoirs. We show how to select and evaluate new chemicals as natural imbibition enhancers in carbonate rocks. A novel experimental method has also been developed to quantify the significance of capillary and emulsification driven imbibition because of the presence of the chemical imbibition enhancers. An in situ imbibition profile was visualized using a computed tomography (CT) X-ray scanning technique. The results show that formation of microemulsion strongly promotes water imbibition. The rate was highest for Winsor Type II microemulsion and lowest for Winsor Type I microemulsion. The alkalis exhibited a striking imbibition enhancement driven mainly by alteration of capillary pressure. The performance of the imbibition enhancers was found to be consistent for different core-plug sizes and boundary conditions. A novel alkali has been tested that shows a high tolerance for hardness and, thus, may be a good alternative to sodium carbonate under some conditions. The application of low-cost chemicals to EOR from fractured carbonates is an extremely significant development owing to the vast volumes of oil in such reservoirs and the lack of practical alternative methods of recovering such oil.

Extraction and Determination by Gas Chromatography of S,S,S-Tri-n-Butyl Phosphorotrithioate (DEF) in Fish and Water

1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
Clifford Habig ◽  
Amin Nomeir ◽  
Richard T Digiulio ◽  
Mohamed B Abou-Donia
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
One Step ◽  
Specific Detector

Abstract A simple, low-cost, fast method for the extraction and cleanup of DEF (S.S.S-tri-ii-butyl phosphorotrithioate) from fish tissues and water samples was developed. The method combines extraction and cleanup in one step. The basis of the method is passing water samples or aqueous tissue homogenates containing DEF through a C-18 disposable cartridge. DEF is eluted from the cartridge by acetone or ethyl acetate. The eluates are analyzed by gas chromatography using a thermionic-specific detector. The method detects levels as low as 100 parts per trillion (ppt) in water samples; recovery efficiency from spiked fish tissues was greater than 95%. In addition, detectable levels of DEF were recovered from liver, brain, and muscle tissue of fish exposed to this compound. The method has a potential for use with other pesticides.

Decomposition of the metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 264-265
Author(s):  
Y. L. Chen ◽  
S. Fujlshiro
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Alpha Phase ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
Beta Titanium Alloy ◽  
Beta Titanium ◽  
Beta Matrix ◽  
Metastable Beta ◽  
Very High

Metastable beta titanium alloys have been known to have numerous advantages such as cold formability, high strength, good fracture resistance, deep hardenability, and cost effectiveness. Very high strength is obtainable by precipitation of the hexagonal alpha phase in a bcc beta matrix in these alloys. Precipitation hardening in the metastable beta alloys may also result from the formation of transition phases such as omega phase. Ti-15-3 (Ti-15V- 3Cr-3Al-3Sn) has been developed recently by TIMET and USAF for low cost sheet metal applications. The purpose of the present study was to examine the aging characteristics in this alloy.The composition of the as-received material is: 14.7 V, 3.14 Cr, 3.05 Al, 2.26 Sn, and 0.145 Fe. The beta transus temperature as determined by optical metallographic method was about 770°C. Specimen coupons were prepared from a mill-annealed 1.2 mm thick sheet, and solution treated at 827°C for 2 hr in argon, then water quenched. Aging was also done in argon at temperatures ranging from 316 to 616°C for various times.

Chromic Acid Etching of Polyethylene

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
J. D. Muzzy ◽  
R. D. Hester ◽  
J. L. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Etching ◽  
Crystalline Morphology ◽  
Bulk Specimen ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Perfect Form ◽  
Molecular Length ◽  
Lamellar Texture ◽  
Cost Studies

Polyethylene is one of the most important plastics produced today because of its good physical properties, ease of fabrication and low cost. Studies to improve the properties of polyethylene are leading to an understanding of its crystalline morphology. Polyethylene crystallized by evaporation from dilute solutions consists of thin crystals called lamellae. The polyethylene molecules are parallel to the thickness of the lamellae and are folded since the thickness of the lamellae is much less than the molecular length. This lamellar texture persists in less perfect form in polyethylene crystallized from the melt.Morphological studies of melt crystallized polyethylene have been limited due to the difficulty of isolating the microstructure from the bulk specimen without destroying or deforming it.

Glass Knife Geometry as Seen by the SEM

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Basic Tool ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Optical Inspection ◽  
Surface Flaws ◽  
Slip Planes ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Diamond Knife

In ultramicrotomy, the two basic tool materials are glass and diamond. Glass because of its low cost and ease of manufacture of the knife itself is still widely used despite the superiority of diamond knives in many applications. Both kinds of knives produce plastic deformation in the microtomed section due to the nature of the cutting process and microscopic chips in the edge of the knife. Because glass has no well defined slip planes in its structure (it's an amorphous material), it is very strong and essentially never fails in compression. However, surface flaws produce stress concentrations which reduce the strength of glass to 10,000 to 20,000 psi from its theoretical or flaw free values of 1 to 2 million psi. While the microchips in the edge of the glass or diamond knife are generally too small to be observed in the SEM, the second common type of defect can be identified. This is the striations (also termed the check marks or feathers) which are always present over the entire edge of a glass knife regardless of whether or not they are visable under optical inspection. These steps in the cutting edge can be observed in the SEM by proper preparation of carefully broken knives and orientation of the knife, with respect to the scanning beam.

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