scholarly journals Processes of Ammophila arenaria (Marram Grass) Invasion and Indigenous Species Displacement, Stewart Island, New Zealand

2005 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Hilton ◽  
Megan Duncan ◽  
Anne Jul
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Species Displacement ◽  
Marram Grass ◽  
Grass Invasion

Burial, erosion, and transformation of archaeological landscapes

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hilton ◽  
Richard Walter ◽  
Karen Greig ◽  
Teresa Konlechner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Dune Vegetation ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Dune Systems ◽  
Marram Grass ◽  
System Restoration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Archaeological Landscape

A high proportion of archaeological sites are located on the world’s shorelines and recent research has documented the vulnerability of these sites to coastal processes and climate change. However, archaeological landscapes on many temperate coasts have already been degraded as a result of changes in dune dynamics related to changes in dune vegetation. These changes have produced marked spatial and temporal variations in patterns of burial and erosion in transgressive dune systems. This paper examines the modification and conservation of archaeological landscapes from a biogeomorphic perspective, using the example of marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria) invasion of dune systems in southern New Zealand. The impact of marram grass on dune system dynamics and the underlying archaeological landscape are complex. Full invasion may result in the general burial and protection of these landscapes, but the risk of degradation of sites is high during the invasion process. In southern New Zealand, marram invasion has resulted in the formation of stable foredunes, often associated with coastal progradation. Archaeological sites located close to the shoreline can be subject to either burial or erosion, or both, as marram grass establishes in the foredune zone. The spatial relationship between cultural sites and the shoreline may be lost as the coast progrades. The impact of marram invasion can extend throughout the hinterland dune system as a result of (i) dune mobility triggered by marram grass invasion and (ii) the development of a negative sand budget, which prevents or reduces beach-foredune-dune system sand exchange. The risk of degradation of the archaeological landscape can be significantly heighted by marram invasion, which can have profound implications for the preservation and interpretation of archaeological sites and materials. Paradoxically, dune system restoration may lead to the re-exposure of these sites, but the principal outcome of dune system restoration is expected to be a decline erosion (manifest as in deflation surfaces) and reburial of the archaeological landscape.

scholarly journals The key roles of seed banks in plant biodiversity management in New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
W.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Plant Biodiversity ◽  
Biodiversity Management ◽  
Recent Initiative ◽  
New Zealand Flora ◽  
Pasture Plants

The New Zealand flora is a mixture of indigenous and introduced species. The indigenous species have a high intrinsic value while the introduced species include all of the crop and pasture plants upon which the export-led economy depends. New Zealand must maintain both of these important sources of biodiversity in balance. Seed banks are useful tools for biodiversity management. In New Zealand, a seed bank for indigenous species has been a very recent initiative. By contrast, seed banks for introduced species have been established for over 70 years. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. For the economic species, conserved genetic diversity is used to enhance productivity and the environment. Large advances can be gained from species that are not used as economic plants. The gene-pool of white clover has been expanded by the use of minor species conserved as seeds in the Margot Forde Germplasm Centre. Keywords: Seed banks, biodiversity conservation, New Zealand flora

A review of the fern genus Pellaea (Pteridaceae) in Australasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Brownsey ◽  
Daniel J. Ohlsen ◽  
Lara D. Shepherd ◽  
Whitney L. M. Bouma ◽  
Erin L. May ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Sequences

Five indigenous species of Pellaea in Australasia belong to section Platyloma. Their taxonomic history is outlined, morphological, cytological and genetic evidence for their recognition reviewed, and new morphological and chloroplast DNA-sequence data provided. Australian plants of P. falcata (R.Br.) Fée are diploid and have longer, narrower pinnae than do New Zealand plants previously referred to P. falcata, which are tetraploid. Evidence indicates that P. falcata does not occur in New Zealand, and that collections so-named are P. rotundifolia (G.Forst.) Hook. Chloroplast DNA sequences are uninformative in distinguishing Australian P. falcata from New Zealand P. rotundifolia, but show that Australian P. nana is distinct from both. Sequence data also show that Australian and New Zealand populations of P. calidirupium Brownsey & Lovis are closely related, and that Australian P. paradoxa (R.Br.) Hook. is distinct from other Australian species. Although P. falcata is diploid and P. rotundifolia tetraploid, P. calidirupium, P. nana (Hook.) Bostock and P. paradoxa each contain multiple ploidy levels. Diploid populations of Pellaea species are confined to Australia, and only tetraploids are known in New Zealand. Evolution of the group probably involved hybridisation, autoploidy, alloploidy, and possibly apomixis. Further investigation is required to resolve the status of populations from Mount Maroon, Queensland and the Kermadec Islands.

Downwind Sedimentation and Habitat Development Following Ammophila arenaria Removal and Dune Erosion, Mason Bay, New Zealand

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (sp1) ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella E.C.B. Buckley ◽  
Michael J. Hilton ◽  
Teresa M. Konlechner ◽  
Janice M. Lord
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Dune Erosion ◽  
Habitat Development

Competition between endoparasitic nematodes and effect on biomass of Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) as affected by timing of inoculation and plant age

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van der Putten ◽  
Henk Duyts ◽  
E. Pernilla Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Marram Grass ◽  
Natural Dune ◽  
Dune Grass

AbstractWe studied the effects of intra- and interspecific competition on the abundance of endoparasitic nematodes and assessed the consequences for biomass production of the natural dune grass Ammophila arenaria. Pratylenchus penetrans was limited by intraspecific competition and it suppressed the abundance of Heterodera arenaria, whilst the interaction between H. arenaria and Meloidogyne maritima was neutral. Pratylenchus penetrans and H. arenaria reduced plant biomass, whereas M. maritima did not. Plant biomass was not differently affected by adding one or two nematode species. When added to older plants, numbers of H. arenaria and M. maritima were higher but numbers of P. penetrans were lower, resulting in less reduction of plant biomass. We discuss our results on this natural system with respect to patterns of interspecific nematode competition observed in agricultural systems.

Vegetation development in coastal foredunes in relation to methods of establishing marram grass (Ammophila arenaria)

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. van der Laan ◽  
O. F. R. van Tongeren ◽  
W. H. van der Putten ◽  
G. Veenbaas
Keyword(s):  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
Marram Grass ◽  
Coastal Foredunes

Platynini (Coleoptera:Carabidae) of Vanuatu: Miocene diversification on the Melanesian Arc

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Liebherr
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Society Island ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Colonisation Event

Vanuatu supports 11 resident species of the carabid beetle tribe Platynini: five indigenous species shared with other Pacific islands and Australia and six newly described precinctive species. Notagonum delaruei, sp. nov. represents a single descendant species of one colonisation event. Helluocolpodes, gen. nov. (type species Colpodes helluo Darlington of New Guinea) is proposed to accommodate a monophylum comprising the type species plus Helluocolpodes discicollis, sp. nov., H. mucronis, sp. nov., H. multipunctatus, sp. nov., H. sinister, sp. nov. and H. vanemdeni, sp. nov., all from Vanuatu. Generic assignments are informed by cladistic analysis of anatomical characters for a variety of Pacific platynine taxa. Metacolpodes Jeannel is redefined cladistically to include seven Pacific and Asian species. Biogeographic relationships among island areas housing platynine taxa on the Australian and Pacific Plates are investigated using a chrono–area cladogram, i.e. a taxon–area cladogram for which terminals are dated based on geological evidence and internal nodes based on non-reversible temporal optimisation. Conclusions reached by constraining the ages of areas within the context of phylogenetic relationships of their resident taxa include: (1) Vanuatu has supported resident platynine taxa since the Middle to Late Miocene; (2) the Hawaiian Blackburnia first colonised that archipelago in the Miocene, long before the present oldest high island, Kauai, came into existence; (3) the New Zealand Ctenognathus most likely arose from Miocene colonisation of New Zealand via Fiji; and (4) the low diversity of the Tahitian platynine fauna is due to relatively recent, Pliocene or later, colonisation of the Society Island chain by this group, also from a Fijian source.

Survival of Mount Eden Bush, an urban forest remnant in Auckland, New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Smale ◽  
R. O. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Ground Layer ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Basaltic Lava ◽  
Vascular Flora ◽  
Ligustrum Lucidum ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Forest Remnant

Mount Eden Bush is the only reserved fragment of primary broadleaved forest on basaltic lava on the Auckland isthmus in northern New Zealand. An edaphic variant of northern coastal short forest, the reserved forest of 0.7 ha is approximately 1-2% of the estimated original <50 ha tract and contains 84% of the vascular species recorded in it. The canopy is dominated by Griselinia lucida, Litsea calicaris, and Pseudopanax lessonii, the subcanopy by Melicytus ramiflorus, and the understorey by Coprosma macrocarpa and Macropiper excelsum. A depauperate vascular flora compared with other basaltic lava forests in the district may result from long isolation of the original tract in a deforested landscape remote from seed sources. Low tree density, low basal area, and a strongly rupestral/xerophytic ground layer reflect the drought-prone lava substrate (mean boulder cover 38%). It has probably been dominated by the adventive trailing herb Tradescantia fluminensis for >60 years (mean cover 38%), which reduces abundance of woody native seedlings and cover of native ground layer herbaceous species. Over two-fifths of the vascular flora is now alien native (all planted) or adventive, the latter almost all garden escapes from the surrounding suburban matrix and including many of the most threatening weeds of urban Auckland. Despite widespread T. fluminensis, currently important canopy/subcanopy and understorey dominants appear to be replacing themselves. In the absence of intervention, however, indigenous species are likely to become less important in the canopy and adventive Ligustrum lucidum and Prunus serrulata more important; the latter two species are respectively the second and third commonest canopyforming species regenerating in gaps. Future extinction of some indigenous species with critically small populations cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals Biosecurity and aphids in New Zealand

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
M.A.W. Stufkens
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Short Generation Time ◽  
Parthenogenetic Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Rates

About 110 introduced aphid species (Hemiptera Aphididae) have been recorded in New Zealand Only 12 indigenous species have been recorded On average there has been about one new aphid incursion into New Zealand per year over the last 130 years although this rate has declined dramatically in recent years The origins of introduced aphids appear to include most parts of the globe Many introduced aphids damage economically important plants through their feeding and transmitting plant viruses Less quantifiable environmental impacts include injury to native plants and the displacement of native aphids on their host plants Aspects of aphid biology such as small size parthenogenetic reproduction high reproductive rates short generation time rapid dispersal and eruptive population dynamics pose particularly difficult challenges for aphid biosecurity in New Zealand

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