Jumping in Ballet: A Systematic Review of Kinetic and Kinematic Parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-128
Author(s):  
Adam Mattiussi ◽  
Joseph W Shaw ◽  
Derrick D Brown ◽  
Phil Price ◽  
Daniel D Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Plane Joint

AIMS: Understanding the biomechanics of jumping in ballet dancers provides an opportunity to optimize performance and mitigate injury risk. This systematic review aimed to summarize research investigating kinetics and kinematics of jumping in ballet dancers. METHODS: PubMed (MEDLINE), SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies published before December 2020. Studies were required to investigate dancers specializing in ballet, assess kinetics or kinematics during take-off or landing, and be published in English. RESULTS: A total of 3,781 articles were identified, of which 29 met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies investigated take-off (kinetics: n = 6; kinematics: n = 4) and 23 studies investigated landing (kinetics: n = 19; kinematics: n = 12). Included articles were categorized into six themes: Activity Type (n = 10), Environment and Equipment (n = 10), Demographics (n = 8), Physical Characteristics (n = 3), Injury Status (n = 2), and Skill Acquisition and Motor Control (n = 1). Peak landing vertical ground reaction force (1.4 x 9.6 times body weight) was most commonly reported. Limited evidence suggests greater ankle involvement during the take-off of ballet jumps compared to countermovement jumps. There is also limited evidence indicating greater sagittal plane joint excursions upon landing in ballet dancers compared to non-dancers, primarily through a more extended lower extremity at initial contact. Only 4 articles investigated male ballet dancers, which is a notable gap in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review can be used by dance science and medicine practitioners to improve their understanding of jumping in ballet dancers.

scholarly journals Explosive Quadriceps Strength and Landing Mechanics in Females with and without Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7431
Author(s):  
Yu-Lun Huang ◽  
Eunwook Chang ◽  
Samuel T. Johnson ◽  
Christine D. Pollard ◽  
Mark A. Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Landing Mechanics ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Lower explosive quadriceps strength, quantified as rate of torque development (RTD), may contribute to landing mechanics associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. However, the association between quadriceps RTD and landing mechanics during high demand tasks remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of quadriceps RTD on sagittal plane landing mechanics during double-leg jump landings (DLJL) and single-leg jump cuts (SLJC) in females with and without ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Quadriceps RTD was measured during isometric muscle contractions. Landing mechanics were collected during DLJL and SLJC tasks. Separate stepwise multiple linear regression models determined the amount of variance in sagittal plane landing mechanics that could be explained by quadriceps RTD, group (ACLR or Control), and their interaction. The results indicate that greater quadriceps RTD is associated with lower loading rate (p = 0.02) and longer time to peak vertical ground reaction force (p = 0.001) during SLJC, regardless of ACLR status. As greater loading rate may lead to higher risk of ACL injuries and post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis post-ACLR, explosive muscle strength interventions might be useful for individuals with and without ACLR to facilitate the use of safer landing mechanics.

scholarly journals Restrictions in Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion Alter Landing Kinematics But Not Movement Strategy When Fatigued

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Louis Howe ◽  
Jamie S. North ◽  
Mark Waldron ◽  
Theodoros M. Bampouras
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Restricted Group ◽  
Vertical Ground

Context: Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) has been associated with a number of kinematic and kinetic variables associated with landing performance that increase injury risk. However, whether exercise-induced fatigue exacerbates compensatory strategies has not yet been established. Objectives: (1) Explore differences in landing performance between individuals with restricted and normal ankle DF ROM and (2) identify the effect of fatigue on compensations in landing strategies for individuals with restricted and normal ankle DF ROM. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twelve recreational athletes with restricted ankle DF ROM (restricted group) and 12 recreational athletes with normal ankle DF ROM (normal group). Main Outcome Measure(s): The participants performed 5 bilateral drop-landings, before and following a fatiguing protocol. Normalized peak vertical ground reaction force, time to peak vertical ground reaction force, and loading rate were calculated, alongside sagittal plane initial contact angles, peak angles, and joint displacement for the ankle, knee, and hip. Frontal plane projection angles were also calculated. Results: At the baseline, the restricted group landed with significantly less knee flexion (P = .005, effect size [ES] = 1.27) at initial contact and reduced peak ankle dorsiflexion (P < .001, ES = 1.67), knee flexion (P < .001, ES = 2.18), and hip-flexion (P = .033, ES = 0.93) angles. Sagittal plane joint displacement was also significantly less for the restricted group for the ankle (P < .001, ES = 1.78), knee (P < .001, ES = 1.78), and hip (P = .028, ES = 0.96) joints. Conclusions: These findings suggest that individuals with restricted ankle DF ROM should adopt different landing strategies than those with normal ankle DF ROM. This is exacerbated when fatigued, although the functional consequences of fatigue on landing mechanics in individuals with ankle DF ROM restriction are unclear.

scholarly journals Leg Stiffness and Vertical Stiffness of Habitual Forefoot and Rearfoot Strikers during Running

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Lulu Yin ◽  
Xiaoyue Hu ◽  
Zhangqi Lai ◽  
Kun Liu ◽  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Stiffness ◽  
Impact Peak ◽  
Leg Stiffness ◽  
Foot Strike

Foot strike patterns influence the running efficiency and may be an injury risk. However, differences in the leg stiffness between runners with habitual forefoot (hFFS) and habitual rearfoot (hRFS) strike patterns remain unclear. This study aimed at determining the differences in the stiffness, associated loading rate, and kinematic performance between runners with hFFS and hRFS during running. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected amongst 39 runners with hFFS and 39 runners with hRFS running at speed of 3.3 m/s, leg stiffness (Kleg), and vertical stiffness (Kvert), and impact loads were calculated. Results found that runners with hFFS had greater Kleg ( P = 0.010 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 0.60 ), greater peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) ( P = 0.040 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 0.47 ), shorter contact time( t c ) ( P < 0.001 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 0.85 ), and smaller maximum leg compression ( Δ L ) ( P = 0.002 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 0.72 ) compared with their hRFS counterparts. Runners with hFFS had lower impact peak (IP) ( P < 0.001 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 1.65 ), vertical average loading rate (VALR) ( P < 0.001 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 1.20 ), and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) ( P < 0.001 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 1.14 ) compared with runners with hRFS. Runners with hFFS landed with a plantar flexed ankle, whereas runners with hRFS landed with a dorsiflexed ankle ( P < 0.001 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 3.35 ). Runners with hFFS also exhibited more flexed hip ( P = 0.020 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 0.61 ) and knee ( P < 0.001 , Cohe n ’ s   d = 1.15 ) than runners with hRFS at initial contact. These results might indicate that runners with hFFS were associated with better running economy through the transmission of elastic energy.

scholarly journals Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force during Two-Leg Landing: A Systematic Review and Mathematical Modeling

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxin Niu ◽  
Tienan Feng ◽  
Chenghua Jiang ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Surface Stiffness ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Vertical Ground

Objectives. (1) To systematically review peak vertical ground reaction force (PvGRF) during two-leg drop landing from specific drop height (DH), (2) to construct a mathematical model describing correlations between PvGRF and DH, and (3) to analyze the effects of some factors on the pooled PvGRF regardless of DH.Methods. A computerized bibliographical search was conducted to extract PvGRF data on a single foot when participants landed with both feet from various DHs. An innovative mathematical model was constructed to analyze effects of gender, landing type, shoes, ankle stabilizers, surface stiffness and sample frequency on PvGRF based on the pooled data.Results. Pooled PvGRF and DH data of 26 articles showed that the square root function fits their relationship well. An experimental validation was also done on the regression equation for the medicum frequency. The PvGRF was not significantly affected by surface stiffness, but was significantly higher in men than women, the platform than suspended landing, the barefoot than shod condition, and ankle stabilizer than control condition, and higher than lower frequencies.Conclusions. The PvGRF and root DH showed a linear relationship. The mathematical modeling method with systematic review is helpful to analyze the influence factors during landing movement without considering DH.

Quadriceps and Hamstrings Fatigue Alters Hip and Knee Mechanics

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbey C. Thomas ◽  
Scott G. McLean ◽  
Riann M. Palmieri-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Knee Mechanics ◽  
Acl Injury Risk

Neuromuscular fatigue exacerbates abnormal landing strategies, which may increase noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. The synergistic actions of quadriceps and hamstrings (QH) muscles are central to an upright landing posture, though the precise effect of simultaneous fatigue of these muscles on landing and ACL injury risk is unclear. Elucidating neuromechanical responses to QH fatigue thus appears important in developing more targeted fatigue-resistance intervention strategies. The current study thus aimed to examine the effects of QH fatigue on lower extremity neuromechanics during dynamic activity. Twenty-five healthy male and female volunteers performed three single-leg forward hops onto a force platform before and after QH fatigue. Fatigue was induced through sets of alternating QH concentric contractions, on an isokinetic dynamometer, until the first five repetitions of a set were performed at least 50% below QH peak torque. Three-dimensional hip and knee kinematics and normalized (body mass × height) kinetic variables were quantified for pre- and postfatigue landings and subsequently analyzed by way of repeated- measures mixed-model ANOVAs. QH fatigue produced significant increases in initial contact (IC) hip internal rotation and knee extension and external rotation angles (p< .05), with the increases in knee extension and external rotation being maintained at the time of peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) (p< .05). Larger knee extension and smaller knee fexion and external rotation moments were also evident at peak vGRF following fatigue (p< .05). Females landed with greater hip fexion and less abduction than males at both IC and peak vGRF as well as greater knee fexion at peak vGRF (p< .05). The peak vGRF was larger for females than males (p< .05). No sex × fatigue effects were found (p> .05). Fatigue of the QH muscles altered hip and knee neuromechanics, which may increase the risk of ACL injury. Prevention programs should incorporate methods aimed at countering QH fatigue.

The evaluation of modified foot orthosis on muscle activity and kinetic in a subject with flexible flat foot : Single case study

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
Mohammad E Mousavi ◽  
Basir Majddoleslam ◽  
Mehdi Rahgozar ◽  
Gholamreza Aminian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Flat Foot ◽  
Case Evaluation ◽  
The University ◽  
Foot Orthosis

Background:Due to blocking of pronation/dorsiflexion in flexible flat foot and restriction of these movements in using the University of California Berkeley Laboratory orthosis, provided pressures in sole by the orthosis were increased. Therefore, this article describes the evaluation of modified foot orthosis with flexible structure in the management of individuals with flexible flat foot.Case description and method:The patient was a 21-year-old male who had symptomatic flat foot. The modified foot orthosis included movable surface and the outside structure. The modified foot orthosis was evaluated by standing foot X-ray, comfort rate, electromyography of leg muscle and vertical ground reaction force during walking.Findings and outcomes:The modified foot orthosis improved the foot alignment and decreased the symptoms of flat foot with more comfort. Subtalar position by sub-maximum supination had higher position than neutral in sagittal plane. It may increase the muscle activity of peroneus longus by 7% compared to barefoot, and there was a decrease of 11% ground reaction force in mid stance.Conclusion:The result of this single case evaluation only proposed the feasibility of this modified insole as the orthotic treatment in flexible flat foot.Clinical relevanceThe modified foot orthosis, which is mobile in the midfoot, is an orthosis for walking and standing in subjects with flexible flat foot.

scholarly journals Jump-Landing Biomechanics and Knee-Laxity Change Across the Menstrual Cycle in Women With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Bell ◽  
J. Troy Blackburn ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney ◽  
Stephen W. Marshall ◽  
Anthony I. Beutler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Laxity ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Jump Landing ◽  
Anterior Knee Laxity ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Context: Of the individuals able to return to sport participation after an anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injury, up to 25% will experience a second ACL injury. This population may be more sensitive to hormonal fluctuations, which may explain this high rate of second injury. Objective: To examine changes in 3-dimensional hip and knee kinematics and kinetics during a jump landing and to examine knee laxity across the menstrual cycle in women with histories of unilateral noncontact ACL injury. Design  Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 20 women (age = 19.6 ± 1.3 years, height = 168.6 ± 5.3 cm, mass = 66.2 ± 9.1 kg) with unilateral, noncontact ACL injuries. Intervention(s) Participants completed a jump-landing task and knee-laxity assessment 3 to 5 days after the onset of menses and within 3 days of a positive ovulation test. Main Outcome Measure(s): Kinematics in the uninjured limb at initial contact with the ground during a jump landing, peak kinematics and kinetics during the loading phase of landing, anterior knee laxity via the KT-1000, peak vertical ground reaction force, and blood hormone concentrations (estradiol-β-17, progesterone, free testosterone). Results: At ovulation, estradiol-β-17 (t = −2.9, P = .009), progesterone (t = −3.4, P = .003), and anterior knee laxity (t = −2.3, P = .03) increased, and participants presented with greater knee-valgus moment (Z = −2.6, P = .01) and femoral internal rotation (t = −2.1, P = .047). However, during the menses test session, participants landed harder (greater peak vertical ground reaction force; t = 2.2, P = .04), with the tibia internally rotated at initial contact (t = 2.8, P = .01) and greater hip internal-rotation moment (Z = −2.4, P = .02). No other changes were observed across the menstrual cycle. Conclusions Knee and hip mechanics in both phases of the menstrual cycle represented a greater potential risk of ACL loading. Observed changes in landing mechanics may explain why the risk of second ACL injury is elevated in this population.

Acute exposure to foot orthoses affects joint stiffness characteristics in recreational male runners

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Taylor ◽  
H. Vincent ◽  
S. Atkins ◽  
J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Joint Stiffness ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Mass Model ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics

Commercially available foot orthoses are advocated for the treatment of chronic running injuries, such as patellofemoral pain, yet the mechanisms behind their effects are not well understood. This study aimed to examine the limb and joint stiffness characteristics when running with and without orthotics. Twelve recreational runners ran at 4.0 m/s. Limb stiffness was obtained using a spring-mass model of running by dividing the peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) by the amount of limb compression. Knee and ankle joint stiffness’s were calculated by dividing the peak sagittal plane joint moment by the joint angular excursion. Differences between orthotic and non-orthotic running conditions were contrasted using paired samples t-tests. The results indicate that both peak knee extensor moment (orthotic = 2.74±0.57 and no-orthotic = 3.12±0.62 Nm/kg) and knee stiffness (orthotic = 5.56±1.08 and no-orthotic = 6.47±1.40 Nm/kg rad) were significantly larger when running without orthotics. This study may give further insight into the mechanical effects of commercially available foot orthoses. The current investigation provides some evidence to suggest that orthoses may be able to improve patellofemoral pathologies in recreational runners although further investigation is required.

scholarly journals Pirouette Vertical Ground Reaction Force of Ballet Dancers and Non-Dancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Cynthia Hiraga ◽  
Camila Siriani ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Higassiaraguti Rocha ◽  
Débora Alves Souza ◽  
José Angelo Barela
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Ballet Dancer ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Dance Training ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Initial Impulse

BACKGROUND: Different amounts of force are needed to produce an effective turn for the pirouette, especially vertical force. AIM: To examine the vertical force produced by the supporting leg during the execution of a pirouette en dehors of ballet dancer and non-dancer participants. METHOD: The participants included five ballet dancers who composed the ballet dancer group and eight girls without previous experience of dance training who composed the non-dancer group. The participants were invited to execute the pirouette en dehors on a force platform with each leg as the supporting leg. Two-way analyses of variance were used to test vertical reaction forces between the two groups over the preferred and non-preferred leg. RESULTS: Among the three vertical forces measured in the present study, the maximum vertical peak for the initial impulse was significantly higher for the ballet dancers compared to the non-dancer girls. The minimum vertical force and maximum vertical peak for the final impulse were similar between both groups. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the initial vertical force may be critical to the pirouette en dehors, determining proficient execution of this movement in ballet dancers.

Measuring only hop distance during single leg hop testing is insufficient to detect deficits in knee function after ACL reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argyro Kotsifaki ◽  
Vasileios Korakakis ◽  
Rod Whiteley ◽  
Sam Van Rossom ◽  
Ilse Jonkers
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Function ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Peak Knee

ObjectiveTo systematically review the biomechanical deficits after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) during single leg hop for distance (SLHD) testing and report these differences compared with the contralateral leg and with healthy controls.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesA systematic search in Pubmed (Ovid), EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library, grey literature and trial registries, was conducted from inception to 1 April 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies reporting kinematic, kinetic and/or electromyographic data of the ACLR limb during SLHD with no language limits.ResultsThe literature review yielded 1551 articles and 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed strong evidence of lower peak knee flexion angle and knee flexion moments during landing compared with the uninjured leg and with controls. Also, moderate evidence (with large effect size) of lower knee power absorption during landing compared with the uninjured leg. No difference was found in peak vertical ground reaction force during landing. Subgroup analyses revealed that some kinematic variables do not restore with time and may even worsen.ConclusionDuring SLHD several kinematic and kinetic deficits were detected between limbs after ACLR, despite adequate SLHD performance. Measuring only hop distance, even using the healthy leg as a reference, is insufficient to fully assess knee function after ACLR.PROSPERO trial registration number CRD42018087779.

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