Fundamentals of Embouchure in Brass Players: Towards a Definition and Clinical Assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees H Woldendorp ◽  
Hans Boschma ◽  
Anne M Boonstra ◽  
Hans J Arendzen ◽  
Michiel F Reneman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Wind Instrument ◽  
Brass Players ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Wind Players ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Present Understanding

Brass players may experience problems producing an optimal sound (or range of sounds) in their instrument. Assessing and treating dysfunctional embouchure requires knowledge of functional embouchure, but peer-reviewed literature on dysfunctional and functional embouchure is scarce. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide a narrative overview of embouchure based on information from different scientific and clinical fields. This should be regarded as a first step in constructing a reliable, valid, and practical multi-item method to assess embouchure for brass players. METHODS: Literature reviews were conducted concerning: 1) the definition of embouchure, 2) physics and acoustics of embouchure, 3) functioning of embouchure-related structures, and 4) instruments to assess embouchure. Also, embouchure experts (clinicians, scientists, and elite wind players) were consulted for information and discussion. RESULTS: A proposal for a new definition of embouchure, an overview of the relevant physics and acoustics, functions of embouchure-related body structures, and the main methods to measure embouchure in brass playing are presented. CONCLUSION: Peer-reviewed information about the fundamentals of dysfunctional embouchure is scarce and sometimes contradictory. A new definition for embouchure is proposed: embouchure is the process needed to adjust the amount, pressure, and direction of the air flow (generated by the breath support) as it travels through the mouth cavity and between the lips, by the position and/or movements of the tongue, teeth, jaws, cheeks, and lips, to produce a tone in a wind instrument. An integrative overview is presented which can serve as a transparent foundation for the present understanding of functional and dysfunctional embouchure and for developing an evidence-based multi-item assessment instrument.

Lung volumes and breathing patterns in wind-instrument players

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arend Bouhuys
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Brass Instruments ◽  
Wind Instrument ◽  
Mouth Pressure ◽  
Brass Players ◽  
Wind Players

Pulmonary function at rest and physiological performance during play was studied in 42 professional wind players on 15 different instruments. Vital capacity was larger than expected from age and height in all brass players. Other lung function results were similar to or better than those in control subjects. Breathing patterns are qualitatively similar in players of nearly all instruments; rapid and deep inspirations are followed by prolonged expirations through the instrument. In some instruments nearly the whole vital capacity may be used during play. No gross changes in arterialized capillary blood pH, Pco2 and standard bicarbonate content occurred during frac12 hour's play. Mouth pressure on most instruments increased both with pitch and loudness and varied from 2.5 to 158 mm Hg. Air flow rates varied from less than 0.05 to over 1.6 liters/ sec. Performance on some, mainly brass, instruments is limited mechanically; on others, e.g., the oboe, breath-holding time is the limiting factor. Energy expended on the instrument (mouth pressure times flow rate) ranged from less than 0.1 up to 17 w. pulmonary function; respiratory mechanics Submitted on January 13, 1964

Towards Consensus on Clinical Assessment of Embouchure in Brass Players: A Delphi Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Kees H Woldendorp ◽  
Elise Ploos van Amstel ◽  
Hans Boschma ◽  
Anne M Boonstra ◽  
Hans J Arendzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Delphi Round ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Brass Players ◽  
International Experts

AIMS: The objective of this study was to determine the content validity of an assessment instrument for embouchure (the “CODE of Embouchure”) which covers the main aspects of the construct of embouchure in brass players. METHODS: The study design followed the Delphi technique. A select panel of 35 international experts gave their opinion via a three-round digital Delphi survey as to whether the instrument as a whole, and its items, adequately measure the construct of embouchure. Criteria for consensus and whether items should go through to the next Delphi round were pre-determined. Data were independently analyzed by two researchers. The CREDES guidelines were used for conducting and reporting of the study. RESULTS: Consensus was reached over 64% and 73% of the closed questions in the first and third rounds, respectively. A second round was necessary to resolve intra- and inter-expert contradicting information. Finally, 5 items were added to the instrument, 3 items were removed, and 23 items were adjusted. Consensus was reached in 63 items (98%). The final multi-item assessment instrument consists of 4 domains and 64 items. CONCLUSIONS: Content validity of most aspects of the “CODE of embouchure” instrument was established.

Reference Conundrum: The Broad Definition of Peer-Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Fullerton
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
The Core ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Reference Interactions ◽  
Definition Of

For years, the gold-standard in academic publishing has been the peer-review process, and for the most part, peer-review remains a safeguard to authors publishing intentionally biased, misleading, and inaccurate information. Its purpose is to hold researchers accountable to the publishing standards of that field, including proper methodology, accurate literature reviews, etc. This presentation will establish the core tenants of peer-review, discuss if certain types of publications should be able to qualify as such, offer possible solutions, and discuss how this affects a librarian's reference interactions.

Evidence-based Assessment

2010 ◽  
pp. 76-98
Author(s):  
John Hunsley ◽  
Eric J. Mash
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Evidence-based assessment relies on research and theory to inform the selection of constructs to be assessed for a specific assessment purpose, the methods and measures to be used in the assessment, and the manner in which the assessment process unfolds. An evidence-based approach to clinical assessment necessitates the recognition that, even when evidence-based instruments are used, the assessment process is a decision-making task in which hypotheses must be iteratively formulated and tested. In this chapter, we review (a) the progress that has been made in developing an evidence-based approach to clinical assessment in the past decade and (b) the many challenges that lie ahead if clinical assessment is to be truly evidence-based.

scholarly journals Health Workforce Development in Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management: The Need for Evidence-Based Recommendations

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3382
Author(s):  
Kevin K. C. Hung ◽  
Sonoe Mashino ◽  
Emily Y. Y. Chan ◽  
Makiko K. MacDermot ◽  
Satchit Balsari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Workforce Development ◽  
Health Workforce ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Disaster Risk Management ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Literature Reviews

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 placed human health at the centre of disaster risk reduction, calling for the global community to enhance local and national health emergency and disaster risk management (Health EDRM). The Health EDRM Framework, published in 2019, describes the functions required for comprehensive disaster risk management across prevention, preparedness, readiness, response, and recovery to improve the resilience and health security of communities, countries, and health systems. Evidence-based Health EDRM workforce development is vital. However, there are still significant gaps in the evidence identifying common competencies for training and education programmes, and the clarification of strategies for workforce retention, motivation, deployment, and coordination. Initiated in June 2020, this project includes literature reviews, case studies, and an expert consensus (modified Delphi) study. Literature reviews in English, Japanese, and Chinese aim to identify research gaps and explore core competencies for Health EDRM workforce training. Thirteen Health EDRM related case studies from six WHO regions will illustrate best practices (and pitfalls) and inform the consensus study. Consensus will be sought from global experts in emergency and disaster medicine, nursing, public health and related disciplines. Recommendations for developing effective health workforce strategies for low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries will then be disseminated.

scholarly journals Neuroeducation: Integrating Brain-Based Psychoeducation into Clinical Practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raissa Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Mental Health Counselors ◽  
Counselor Competence ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Learning Principles

Understanding and integrating neuroscience research into clinical practice represents a rapidly growing area in mental health. An expanding body of neuroscience literature increasingly informs clinical practice by validating theory, guiding clinical assessment and conceptualization, directing effective interventions, and facilitating cross-disciplinary communication. Little attention, however, has been given to the use of neuroeducation with clients. In this article, the author provides mental health counselors with a definition of neuroeducation and a rationale for incorporating neuroeducation into clinical practice. The author identifies common neuroeducation topics and offers activity suggestions to illustrate their use in counseling. Finally, the author offers best practices for implementing neuroeducation, including attention to counselor competence, client readiness, and neuroscience of learning principles. Implications for research are also discussed.

scholarly journals On Evidence-Based Practice in Disaster Risk Reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
Disaster Science ◽  
Made In

AbstractDisaster science and scholarship are forever expanding and there are increasing calls to base disaster risk reduction policies on the evidence produced by such work. Using examples and argument, this opinion piece examines the nature of evidence. It defines evidence-based practice and considers how it has developed and become important to disaster risk reduction. A definition of what constitutes evidence is difficult to achieve but it must be made in relation to whether the data and information collected can usefully be interpreted and employed to change things for the better. Case histories from past and present centuries show that evidence can sometimes be argued over endlessly. In other cases it is roundly ignored. In yet other instances, false conclusions derived from evidence can become evidence in their own right. Nevertheless, there are situations in disaster risk reduction in which evidence is sorely needed but is clearly lacking. The effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures is one such area. In conclusion, evidence is valuable, above all if there is willingness to use it to support policy formulation, especially in a simple, transparent manner. Subjective interpretation can never be entirely removed from the use of evidence, and evidence alone will not stimulate the policy formulators to improve their decision making.

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