scholarly journals Analisa Eisiensi Economizer Terhadap Boiler (Gas Dan Solar) Di PT. Spindo III, Tbk

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Finus Ainun ◽  
Jamaaluddin Jamaaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Pipe Production ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
A Direct Method ◽  
Galvanize Pipe ◽  
Boiler Feed Water

The role of boiler machines at PT. SPINDO in the galvanize pipe production process is very important, where the steam produced by the fire tube boiler machine is directly distributed into the blow system for the cleaning of the remaining galvanic in the pipe and heating the water for pipe washing. To determine the efficiency of the boiler, a direct method is used to analyze the efficiency of boiler machines and indirect methods as a way of calculating the amount of efficiency if an economizer is installed. The efficiency of diesel-fueled boilers using the direct method yields an average yield of 40.7% (forty point seven percent) and 45.84% (forty five point eighty four percent) for gas-fired boilers. However, by using an indirect method, efficiency if installed economizer is obtained at 85.55% (eighty five point fifty five percent) for diesel-fueled boilers with a capacity of 5 tons and 81.76% (eighty one point seventy six percent) of the efficiency of a gas-fired boiler with a capacity of 2 (two) tons. Efficiency improvements can also be done in many ways, including maintenance of a good and scheduled boiler machine for good boiler feed water treatment.  

scholarly journals Estimating emission from gas power plant in palembang, indonesia using direct and indirect methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02037
Author(s):  
Gabriel Andari Kristanto ◽  
Alditho Farrasi Anantoputra
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Gas Power Plant ◽  
A Direct Method ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Nowadays, almost every daily activity is supported by the availability of energy, especially electricity. As the Borang 60 MW Gas Power Plant in Palembang, Indonesia emits air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, CO, and total particulate matter (total PM), an emission inventory needs to be developed. Various methods can be used in the inventory of emissions; among others are a direct method based on direct measurement and an indirect method which involves the calculation of total emissions by emission factor. This study aims to estimate the emissions from the gas power plant in Palembang using direct and indirect methods and analyze the most suitable emission factor for Indonesian conditions. The comparison between emissions measured by direct and indirect methods found that the indirect method using the emission factor of AP-42 gives more accurate results for SO2 and NOx, whereas the total emission of CO is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by Kurokawa et al. (2013); the median value of total PM is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by the IPCC.

scholarly journals The Preference of Direct or Indirect Methods in Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows in Decision Making: An Academic Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Abdullah, S. Hardan ◽  
Majed, A. Qabajeh ◽  
Aymen, M. Alshanti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Statement Of Cash Flows ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Academic Sector

Two methods are used when reporting cash flows from operating activities: the direct method or the indirect method, both are acceptable from IAS with a preference of direct method. Thus, this paper examines which method of reporting the statement of cash flows provides useful information the decision makers rely on for decision making purposes. To achieve this aim, participants were selected from academic sector represented by universities professors. The study is based on the conceptual framework: qualitative characteristics of accounting information. To be useful, information must be relevant and represents faithfully what it claims to represent. In order to distinguish more useful financial information from those less useful, enhancing qualitative characteristics were examined. Results show that academic professors provide support for direct method of reporting cash flows over indirect method. The study sought to determine the effect of academic rank on these results. Evidence reveals that full and associate professors endorsed the preference of direct method more than assistant professors and lecturers. These results recommend the legislative bodies and entities to adopt the direct method in preparation the statement of cash flows.

Flow Measurement to a Kaplan Turbine Using a Direct Method and an Indirect One

2016 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Budai ◽  
Adrian Cuzmos ◽  
Cristian Fanica ◽  
Damaschin Pepa ◽  
Cosmin Ursoniu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Kaplan Turbine ◽  
A Direct Method

The paper present two different methods for measuring flow in hydropower, one direct and one indirect method. The study consists in comparing the results obtained by measurements made by both methods in a Romanian hydropower plant. The indirect method used is the Winter-Kennedy method. The other method involves direct measurement of the flow rate of water using a specialized outfit in this.

Isoperimetric Problems in the Calculus of Variations

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 257-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Karush
Keyword(s):  
Calculus Of Variations ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Isoperimetric Problems ◽  
End Points ◽  
Sufficiency Theorems ◽  
Theory Of Fields ◽  
A Direct Method ◽  
Problem Of Bolza

We are concerned with establishing sufficiency theorems for minima of simple integrals of the parametric type in a class of curves with variable end points and satisfying isoperimetric side conditions. The results which are obtained involve no explicit assumptions of normality. Such results can be derived by transforming our problem to a problem of Bolza and using the latest developments in the theory of that problem. More recently [6] an indirect method of proof has been published. Our object is to present a direct method of proof without transformation of the problem which is based upon a generalization of the classical theory of fields.

scholarly journals The usefulness of operating cash flow information: Does format matter?

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadi Farshadfar
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Flow Information ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
Future Cash Flows ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods ◽  
Level Analysis

This study investigates whether the direct method of presenting cash flows from operations is superior to the indirect method in its ability to forecast future cash flows. It also considers the effect of industry characteristics on the relative usefulness of direct and indirect methods of cash flow presentation. The study, which uses a sample of Australian firms, finds that both the direct and indirect methods improve the forecast of future cash flows. However, the indirect method of reporting cash flows from operations is more relevant than the direct method in predicting future cash flows. Evidence from the industry-level analysis overall reinforces the main results.

scholarly journals Comparison of 15N isotope methods to determine the recovery efficiency of nitrogen from green manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ednaldo da Silva Araújo ◽  
Bárbara Fernanda da Silva ◽  
Emerson Dalla Chieza ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
José Guilherme Marinho Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Corn Plant ◽  
15N Isotope ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare three methods of 15N isotope application to the soil in order to determine the recovery efficiency of nitrogen derived from green manure by corn (Zea mays). The used experimental design was a randomized complete block with six replicates. The treatments consisted of three 15N isotope methods: indirect method I, isotope dilution with 15N-labelled synthetic fertilizer applied through a small hole next to each corn plant; indirect method II, isotope dilution with 15N-labelled synthetic fertilizer spread in the furrow next to the corn planting row; and direct method, application of a legume straw as green manure, treated with 2.23% excess 15N. The green manure used was jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). Applying synthetic 15N to the soil (indirect methods I and II) did not interfere in the estimation of the recovery efficiency of N derived from green manure. The recovery efficiency of N from green manure was 17% for the indirect methods, overestimated when compared with that of 7% for the direct method. The direct method is the most adequate to determine the recovery efficiency of N from green manure.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF MANGO IN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 580a-580
Author(s):  
Enrique Troyo-Diéguez ◽  
José Luis León
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
A Direct Method

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) has been grown since the beginning of the century in Baja California Sur, one of the most arid states of México. Since water is a very scarce resource in this area, the estimation of water consumption by popular crops becomes a relevant aspect of hydrological research. Actual (ETa) and potential (ETp) evapotranspiration of mango c.v. Kent were estimated in the Experimental Station of CIB, located 17 Km west La Paz city. Trees under study were three years old; irrigation frequency was 14 days and depth of applied water was 0.15 m, a common amount in the region. Estimates for ETp were carried out through two indirect methods (Blaney-Criddle and Penman equations), and ETa by a direct method (a diffusive porometer). Data were fitted according to the total leaf area (TLA). Estimates from the indirect methods were 31 and 25% respectively greater than those given by the porometer. Main results (ETa = 0.5 cm day-1, or 0.07 m H20/14 days) suggest that a 40 to 50% reduction in the applied water depth is feasible in the region.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) root cells after exposure to contaminant solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
L. P. N. Ramos ◽  
L. S. D. Nascimento ◽  
J. S. Lima ◽  
C. B. M. Farias ◽  
V. S. Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Index Analysis ◽  
Mutagenic Effects ◽  
The University ◽  
A Direct Method

Water contamination is much more common than imagined, because it is practically impossible today to have an ecosystem that has not suffered directly or indirectly from humans. Studies with the aim of genotoxicity and mutagenesis use bioindicators as the basis of tests, the most used are from the Allium ssp family. When we mention cytogenetic damage, the intensity depends mainly on the degree of exposure, quantity, chemical nature and of the possible combinations between the contaminants, also influenced by the characteristics and conditions of the environment in which the organisms considered bioindicators are submitted. The present work has the objective of analyzing the cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects induced by contaminating material that cause chromosomal alterations by means of mitotic index analysis using as bioindicator Allium sativum (garlic). The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Culture of Vegetable Tissues at the University of the State of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) at the Alta Floresta Campus - MT. The soil was collected and stored separately using 200 grams of each sample with three treatments: surface, 20 cm and 40 cm deep, making a tea with 200 ml of distilled water and then measuring the pH. Using a direct method where the bioindicator is submitted directly to the tea solution, awaiting the emission of roots, and the indirect method, where the bioindicator is submitted first, the stimulation of root formation for 72 hours and then is submitted to contaminating solution. The plates readings to observe the interior of the cell using crushing techniques were performed in 24, 48 and 72 hours of experiment (indirect method) and 24 hours (direct method, also measuring the roots). With the results, we can state that the material used as pollutant (soil sample) has a cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in the bioindicator material, presenting high potential in the cell cycle induction, provoking various chromosomal aberrations.

scholarly journals Wittgenstein and Surrealism

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
Chrysoula Gitsoulis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Linguistic Practice ◽  
A Direct Method

There are two aspects to Wittgenstein’s method of deconstructing pseudo-philosophical problems that need to be distinguished: (1) describing actual linguistic practice, and (2) constructing hypothetical ‘language-games’. Both methods were, for Wittgenstein, indispensable means of clarifying the ‘grammar’ of expressions of our language – i.e., the appropriate contexts for using those expressions – and thereby dissolving pseudo-philosophical problems. Though (2) is often conflated with (1), it is important to recognize that it differs from it in imprtant respects. (1) can be seen as functioning as a direct method of ‘proof’ (i.e., attempt to convince the reader of some thesis), and (2) as an indirect method of ‘proof’ – proof by reduction ad absurdum. This essay will be devoted to clarifying (2) by forging an analogy with surrealism in art.

Determination of the Speed of an Unmanned Rescue Vehicle

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 940-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zbrowski ◽  
Wojciech Jóźwik
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Test System ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
A Direct Method

The article presents the process of determining the speed of an unmanned rescue vehicle.The conducted investigations involved a measurement system developed for testing dynamic lorries. The application of a test system for low-speed all-terrain vehicles was possible due to a wide measurement range of sensors. Speed was tested employing two following methods:an indirect method consisting of the measurement of the instantaneous rotational speed of the wheel;a direct method consisting of the measurement of speed against the ground, taken with an optical speed sensor.The authors also describe the sources of interferences characteristic of both methods that include:the wheelspin affecting the correctness of speed determination in the indirect measurement;the unevenness of the surface (ground) hindering the correct operation of the optical speed sensor.The paper also presents the characteristics of the rotational speed of the wheels obtained in road and off-road conditions. Based on the obtained signals, linear speed was determined. Additionally, the article discusses methods for eliminating measurement disturbances.

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