scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-412
Author(s):  
Akihiko Kawana ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Main Symptom ◽  
Medical Facilities

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was the first emerging infection of the 21stcentury. Severe pneumonia is the main symptom, and the case fatality rate was about 10%. In general, convalescence becomes less satisfactory with the age of the patient. The older the patient is, the more unsatisfactorily his or her convalescence is. The disease is transmitted mainly through the spread of droplets from the human respiratory tract. Many health care professionals became infected with SARS within the medical facilities in which they worked. No peculiar medicine or vaccine for SARS has yet been developed. A worldwide epidemic of SARS centered in China broke out around during the period from 2002 to 2003; about 8,000 cases were recorded. Although this epidemic has come to an end, attention should be paid to SARS because of its possible reemergence. Preparedness for SARS can be also applied to measures against other emerging infections.

scholarly journals Safety and Efficacy of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1718-1722
Author(s):  
Alberto Boretti
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Late Infection ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Health Organization

This work summarizes the available evidence of the use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most of the published works indicate CQ/HCQ is likely effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection, almost 100% in prophylaxis and mild-medium severity cases and 60% in late infection cases. The percentage of positive works is larger if those works conducted under a probable conflict of interest are excluded from the list. Despite this overwhelming evidence from independent studies, the use of CQ/HCQ is currently limited or prevented in many western countries, based on a very singular examination of the science. The case of a work published in late May 2020, despite being openly defective and then retracted, prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to ban the use of CQ/HCQ. This position has not yet rectified, thanks to the results of the not less questionable RECOVERY trial, where very sick patients were administered more than double the dose, over more than double the time, recommended for asymptomatic patients in current protocols of other countries, where CQ/HCQ are used for asymptomatic and mild but not severe pneumonia critically ill patients. While the case fatality rate does not depend only on therapies, it is finally shown based on the number of cases and fatalities per million and the case fatality rate as the western countries enforcing the ban on CQ/HCQ did not perform better, but much worse, than other countries, also because of therapies.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Containment Measures to Control the Spread of COVID-19 in North Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ouail Ouchetto ◽  
Asmaa Drissi Bourhanbour ◽  
Mounir Boumhamdi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
First Case ◽  
Containment Measures

ABSTRACT Objectives: Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, identified in December 2019, in Wuhan in China, the number of cases rapidly increased into a pandemic. Governments worldwide have adopted different strategies and measures to interrupt the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The main objective was to report and evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted measures in North Africa countries. Methods: In these countries, the effective reproductive number R(t), the naïve case fatality rate, and the adjusted case fatality rate were estimated and compared on different dates. Results: The obtained results show that the early strict application of containment measures and confinement could help contain the spread of the epidemic and maintain the number of deaths low. Conclusions: These measures might be useful for other countries that are experiencing the start of local COVID-19 outbreaks. They could also serve to halt the spread of new epidemics or pandemics.

scholarly journals A brief account of various treatment modalities for COVID-19 infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumil Maduskar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Igm Antibodies

COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and has a case fatality rate of 2-3%, with higher rates among elderly patients and patients with comorbidities. It was determined in a study that the viral load peaked during the first week of illness and then gradually declined over the second week. Viral load also correlates with age and the existent of comorbidities. Furthermore, both IgG and IgM antibodies starts to increase by around day 10 after symptomatic onset and most patients had seroconversion within the first 3 weeks. This hints at the fact that the patients are most infectious during the first week of infection and also accounts for the high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 during this period

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Lethality Did not Change Over Time in Two Italian Provinces

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Flacco ◽  
Cecilia Acuti Martellucci ◽  
Francesca Bravi ◽  
Giustino Parruti ◽  
Alfonso Mascitelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Italian Provinces ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This retrospective cohort study included all the subjects diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (n = 2493) in 2 Italian provinces. Two hundred fifty-eight persons died, after a median of 14.0 ± 11.0 days. Adjusting for age, gender, and main comorbidities, the ≥28-day case-fatality rate did not decrease from March to April 2020 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.93; P = .6).

scholarly journals Gangguan Kardiovaskular pada infeksi COVID 19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Yaniarti Hasanah ◽  
Siti Elkana Nauli ◽  
Vebiona Kartini Prima Putri ◽  
Habibie Arifianto ◽  
Nana Maya Suryana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) yang dikenal dengan COVID-19 adalah penyakit yang baru dan telah menyebar dengan cepat dari Wuhan (provinsi Hubei) ke provinsi lain di Cina dan seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Secara umum, COVID-19 adalah penyakit akut yang bisa sembuh tetapi juga mematikan, dengan case fatality rate (CFR) sebesar 4%. Spektrum klinis pneumonia COVID-19 berkisar dari kondisi ringan sampai dengan berat. COVID 19 diduga memiliki risiko potensiasi proses patofisiologi terhadap timbulnya komplikasi kardiak, dan telah diketahui bahwa mekanisme penyakit kardiovaskular serupa dengan mekanisme jalur imunologi. Penyakit kardiovaskular adalah komorbid terbanyak pada pasien COVID 19, SARS, dan MERS. Prevalensi diabetes mellitus (DM) dan penyakit kardiovaskular pada SARS adalah 11% dan 8% dan membawa angka kematian meningkat 2 kali lipat. Pada kasus COVID 19, komorbid penyakit kardiovaskular lebih banyak menunjukkan kasus yang berat. Bagaimana mekanisme komorbid ini memperburuk keluaran pasien masih tidak jelas, namun beberapa hipotesisnya antara lain usia lanjut, gangguan sistem imun, peningkatan kadar ACE2 atau mungkin ada hubungan antara COVID 19 dengan penyakit kardiovaskular. Tinjauan pustaka ini akan menjelaskan berbagai gangguan kardiovaskular yang mungkin terjadi pada infeksi COVID 19 secara lebih mendalam.  

scholarly journals New data on clinical features, incubation period, and case fatality rate of SARS in Hong Kong and Canada

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Horby
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Epidemiological Parameters

New findings arising from the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong and Canada have been reported in two early online publications (1, 2). The authors of the Hong Kong paper used demographic, epidemiological, and clinical data from 1425 SARS cases reported up to 28 April to describe the epidemic in Hong Kong and to estimate key epidemiological parameters. The paper from Canada reviews the clinical features and outcomes of 144 SARS patients admitted to hospital between 7 March and 10 April in Toronto.

scholarly journals Abelson Kinase Inhibitors Are Potent Inhibitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Fusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (19) ◽  
pp. 8924-8933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Coleman ◽  
Jeanne M. Sisk ◽  
Rebecca M. Mingo ◽  
Elizabeth A. Nelson ◽  
Judith M. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Fda Approved Drugs

ABSTRACTThe highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cause significant morbidity and morality. There is currently no approved therapeutic for highly pathogenic coronaviruses, even as MERS-CoV is spreading throughout the Middle East. We previously screened a library of FDA-approved drugs for inhibitors of coronavirus replication in which we identified Abelson (Abl) kinase inhibitors, including the anticancer drug imatinib, as inhibitors of both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoVin vitro. Here we show that the anti-CoV activity of imatinib occurs at the early stages of infection, after internalization and endosomal trafficking, by inhibiting fusion of the virions at the endosomal membrane. We specifically identified the imatinib target, Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (Abl2), as required for efficient SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV replicationin vitro. These data demonstrate that specific approved drugs can be characterizedin vitrofor their anticoronavirus activity and used to identify host proteins required for coronavirus replication. This type of study is an important step in the repurposing of approved drugs for treatment of emerging coronaviruses.IMPORTANCEBoth SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic infections, with bats as the primary source. The 2003 SARS-CoV outbreak began in Guangdong Province in China and spread to humans via civet cats and raccoon dogs in the wet markets before spreading to 37 countries. The virus caused 8,096 confirmed cases of SARS and 774 deaths (a case fatality rate of ∼10%). The MERS-CoV outbreak began in Saudi Arabia and has spread to 27 countries. MERS-CoV is believed to have emerged from bats and passed into humans via camels. The ongoing outbreak of MERS-CoV has resulted in 1,791 cases of MERS and 640 deaths (a case fatality rate of 36%). The emergence of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV provides evidence that coronaviruses are currently spreading from zoonotic sources and can be highly pathogenic, causing serious morbidity and mortality in humans. Treatment of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection is limited to providing supportive therapy consistent with any serious lung disease, as no specific drugs have been approved as therapeutics. Highly pathogenic coronaviruses are rare and appear to emerge and disappear within just a few years. Currently, MERS-CoV is still spreading, as new infections continue to be reported. The outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and the continuing diagnosis of new MERS cases highlight the need for finding therapeutics for these diseases and potential future coronavirus outbreaks. Screening FDA-approved drugs streamlines the pipeline for this process, as these drugs have already been tested for safety in humans.

COVID-19: Analysis of epidemiological features

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Şeyda Tələt qızı Şixəliyeva ◽  
◽  
Marina Rüstəm qızı İsmayıl ◽  
Ramilə Əkbər qızı Hacıyeva ◽  
Şəfəq Yolçu qızı Mustafayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Race Ethnicity

There have been three fatal coronavirus-related pandemics in the twenty-first century: SARS (2002), MERS (2012), and COVID-19(2019). COVID19 first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and quickly spread worldwide. COVID-19 is a transmissible viral infection that is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Epidemiological studies conducted in many countries of the world are aimed at identifying the presence of dependence of morbidity and mortality on various factors. Some of these factors are the age, sex, race or ethnicity of the patients. Analysis of published studies has revealed a significant correlation between age, gender, and ethnicity factors and the severity of the course and mortality from COVID-19, which may further contribute to the development of alternative strategic approaches to solve the global problem of coronavirus infection-SARS-CoV-2. Key words: coronavirus, COVID 19, age qroup, case fatality rate, gender, race, ethnicity

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