Understanding of Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (EID and REID)

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-380
Author(s):  
Nobuhiko Okabe ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Infectious Disease Control ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
And Control

Infectious diseases are no longer fatal enabling many people to live without anxiety. However, provision to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EID/REID) are new global issues and every country has been requested to strengthen core capacity for infectious disease early detection and control. In this issue, background and concept of EID/REID, and Japanese efforts including introduction of Infectious Disease Control Law and surveillance system were described.

scholarly journals Emerging viral infectious disease threat: Why Tanzania is not in a safe zone

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chacha D. Mangu ◽  
Christina K. Manyama ◽  
Henry Msila ◽  
Lwitiho Sudi ◽  
Godlove Chaula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Viral Infectious Disease ◽  
The Government

Emerging diseases are global threat towards human existence. Every country is exposed to potentially emergence of infectious diseases. Several factor such as changes in ecology, climate and human demographics play different roles in a complex mechanism contributing to the occurrence of infectious diseases. Important aspects towards control in case of outbreaks are surveillance, preparedness and early response. Tanzania should therefore take opportunity of the calm situation currently present, to prepare. Except for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania has not experienced a major public health threat. However, the question is, is the country safe from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases? In this article we try to explore the danger of emerging infectious disease (EID) epidemics in Tanzania and the risks attached if an outbreak is to occur. The aim is to formulate recommendations to the government, responsible authorities and general population of what can be done to improve the level of EID preparedness in the country. In conclusion, it is important to strengthen the capacity of community and healthcare staffs on how to respond to potential infectious disease outbreaks. Community-based surveillance systems should be incorporated into the national systems for early detection of public health events. It is also critical to enhance one health approach to increase cross-sectoral information sharing, surveillance and interventional strategies as regards to preparedness and response to disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals Emerging infectious disease and the challenges of social distancing in human and non-human animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1932) ◽  
pp. 20201039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea K. Townsend ◽  
Dana M. Hawley ◽  
Jessica F. Stephenson ◽  
Keelah E. G. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Animals

The ‘social distancing’ that occurred in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in humans provides a powerful illustration of the intimate relationship between infectious disease and social behaviour in animals. Indeed, directly transmitted pathogens have long been considered a major cost of group living in humans and other social animals, as well as a driver of the evolution of group size and social behaviour. As the risk and frequency of emerging infectious diseases rise, the ability of social taxa to respond appropriately to changing infectious disease pressures could mean the difference between persistence and extinction. Here, we examine changes in the social behaviour of humans and wildlife in response to infectious diseases and compare these responses to theoretical expectations. We consider constraints on altering social behaviour in the face of emerging diseases, including the lack of behavioural plasticity, environmental limitations and conflicting pressures from the many benefits of group living. We also explore the ways that social animals can minimize the costs of disease-induced changes to sociality and the unique advantages that humans may have in maintaining the benefits of sociality despite social distancing.

Principles of infectious disease control

2021 ◽  
pp. 597-622
Author(s):  
Robert J. Kim-Farley
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infectious Disease Control ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. Lower respiratory infections are the third leading causes of death worldwide and their control is a constant challenge that faces health workers and public health officials in both industrialized and developing countries. This chapter provides a global and comprehensive view of the principles of infectious disease control through examination of the magnitude of disease burden, the chain of infection (agent, transmission, and host) of infectious diseases, the varied approaches to their prevention and control (measures applied to the host, vectors, infected humans, animals, environment, and agents), and the factors conducive to their eradication as well as emergence and re-emergence.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Immunotherapies Against Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharanidharan Ramamurthy ◽  
Trishana Nundalall ◽  
Sanele Cingo ◽  
Neelakshi Mungra ◽  
Maryam Karaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibition ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Control

Abstract Immunotherapies are disease management strategies that target or manipulate components of the immune system. Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to human health as evidenced by countries continuing to grapple with several emerging and re-emerging diseases, the most recent global health threat being the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. As such, various immunotherapeutic approaches are increasingly being investigated as alternative therapies for infectious diseases, resulting in significant advances towards the uncovering of pathogen-host immunity interactions. Novel and innovative therapeutic strategies are necessary to overcome the challenges typically faced by existing infectious disease prevention and control methods such as lack of adequate efficacy, drug toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance. As evidenced by recent developments and success of pharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies, immunotherapies already show abundant promise to overcome such limitations while also advancing the frontiers of medicine. In this review we summarize some of the most notable inroads made to combat infectious disease, over mainly the last 5 years, through the use of immunotherapies such as vaccines, monoclonal antibody-based therapies, T-cell-based therapies, manipulation of cytokine levels and checkpoint inhibition. Whilst its most general applications are founded in cancer treatment, advances made towards the curative treatment of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, zika virus and, most recently COVID-19, reinforce the role of immunotherapeutic strategies in the broader field of disease control. Ultimately, the comprehensive specificity, safety and cost of immunotherapeutics will impact its widespread implementation.

scholarly journals Australian Biosecurity CRC for Emerging Infectious Diseases (AB-CRC)

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
John S Mackenzie ◽  
Lisa Adams
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Emerging Infectious Disease ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Cooperative Research

The Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease (AB-CRC) was a successful applicant under the Federal Government?s 2002 CRC programme, and will be formally established from July 2003. The aim of the AB-CRC is to protect Australia?s health, livestock, wildlife and economic resources by developing new capabilities to monitor, assess, predict and respond to emerging and exotic disease threats which impact on national and regional biosecurity. Emerging diseases are defined as those which are novel, previously unrecognised diseases, or those which are increasing in incidence or geographic range. The threats may be natural, accidental (such as an infected traveller) or deliberate (as in bioterrorism).

scholarly journals The Empowerment of Integrated Development Post of Non-Communicable Diseases in Efforts to Prevent and Control Non- Communicable Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Yandrizal Yandrizal ◽  
Rizanda Machmud ◽  
Melinda Noer ◽  
Hardisman Hardisman ◽  
Afrizal Afrizal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Non-Communicable disease has already been the main cause of death in many countries, as many as 57 million death in the world in 2008, 36 million (63 percent) is because of un-infectious disease, specifically heart illness, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. Prevention and controlling efforts of un-infectious diseases developing in Indonesia is non-communicable disease integrated development post (Pospindu PTM). This research used combination method approach with exploratory design. Exploratory design with sequential procedure used combination consecutively, the first is qualitative and the second is quantitative method. Public Health Center formed Posbindu PTM has not disseminate yet to all stakeholders. Posbindu PTM members felt benefit by following this activity. Some of them did not know follow the activity because of unknown about it. There was  connection between coming behavior to Posbindu PTM to preventing behavior of non-communicable disease.Percentage for high blood pressure risk indicated 20-25 percent from all visitors. Formulation of its policy implementation started with stakeholder analysis; head of sub district, head of urban village, head of health department in regency/city, head of public health service, head of neighborhood Association, and the head of family welfare development.  Analysis of perception, power and authority found that every stakeholder had authority to manage the member directly or indirectly. It was not implemented because of the lack knowledge of stakeholders about the Posbindu PTM function.They would play a role after knowing the aim and advantage of the post by motivate the people to do early detection, prevention and control the non-communicable disease. The members were given wide knowledge about  early detection, preventing  and control the un-infectious disease, measuring and checking up their healthy continuously so that keep feeling the advantage of coming to the post.

scholarly journals Human factors in emerging infectious diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Disease ◽  
Emerging Disease ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Methods Of Control

When the underlying causes and mechanisms of emerging infectious disease problems are studied carefully, human behaviour is often involved. Even more often, the only methods of control or prevention available are to change human behaviour. Several major recent emerging disease problems can be cited. It is sometimes emphasized that it is human carelessness, human excesses, human ignorance or human habits of conquest or leisure which contribute directly to the biological niches that microorganisms are all too capable of exploiting. We must look at ourselves as the engines of microbial opportunism. It is not likely that we will ever conquer the microbial world;we must look instead to control the human factors that contribute to emergence.

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