scholarly journals Mexican conifers differ in their capacity to face climate change

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero ◽  
Maximilien Larter ◽  
Noelia González-Muñoz ◽  
Christian Wehenkel ◽  
Arnulfo Blanco-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Xylem Vulnerability ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Pinus Pseudostrobus

The recent massive dieback of forest trees due to drought stress makes assessment of the variability of physiological traits that might be critical for predicting forest response and adaptation to climate change even more urgent. We investigated xylem vulnerability to cavitation and xylem specific hydraulic conductivity in seven species of three principal conifer genera (Juniperus monticola, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus flaccida, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus leiophylla, Pinus devoniana, and the endangered Picea chihuahuana) of the Mexican mountains in order to identify the species most vulnerable to future warmer and drier climates. Hydraulic traits were examined using the in situ flow centrifuge technique (Cavitron) on branches collected from adult trees of natural populations and seedlings growing in a common garden. We found evidence of significant differences in xylem safety between genera (P50: pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance): the three juniper species exhibited low P50 values (ranging from -9.9 to -10.4 MPa), relative to the much more vulnerable pine and spruce species (P50 ranging between - 2.9 to - 3.3 MPa).  Our findings also revealed no variation in P50 between adult trees assessed in the field and seedlings growing in a common garden. We therefore propose that if, as projected, climate change makes their natural habitats much warmer and drier, populations of Mexican pines and the studied spruce will be likely to decline severely as a result of drought-stress induced cavitation, while the juniper species will survive.

scholarly journals Evolutionary inference from QST-FST comparisons: disentangling local adaptation from altitudinal gradient selection in snapdragon plants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Marin ◽  
Juliette Archambeau ◽  
Vincent Bonhomme ◽  
Mylène Lascoste ◽  
Benoit Pujol
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Phenotypic Differentiation ◽  
Multiple Populations ◽  
Environmental Demand

ABSTRACTPhenotypic differentiation among natural populations can be explained by natural selection or by neutral processes such as drift. There are many examples in the literature where comparing the effects of these processes on multiple populations has allowed the detection of local adaptation. However, these studies rarely identify the agents of selection. Whether population adaptive divergence is caused by local features of the environment, or by the environmental demand emerging at a more global scale, for example along altitudinal gradients, is a question that remains poorly investigated. Here, we measured neutral genetic (FST) and quantitative genetic (QST) differentiation among 13 populations of snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus) in a common garden experiment. We found low but significant genetic differentiation at putatively neutral markers, which supports the hypothesis of either ongoing pervasive homogenisation via gene flow between diverged populations or reproductive isolation between disconnected populations. Our results also support the hypothesis of local adaptation involving phenological, morphological, reproductive and functional traits. They also showed that phenotypic differentiation increased with altitude for traits reflecting the reproduction and the phenology of plants, thereby confirming the role of such traits in their adaptation to environmental differences associated with altitude. Our approach allowed us to identify candidate traits for the adaptation to climate change in snapdragon plants. Our findings imply that environmental conditions changing with altitude, such as the climatic envelope, influenced the adaptation of multiple populations of snapdragon plants on the top of their adaptation to local environmental features. They also have implications for the study of adaptive evolution in structured populations because they highlight the need to disentangle the adaptation of plant populations to climate envelopes and altitude from the confounding effects of selective pressures acting specifically at the local scale of a population.

scholarly journals Limited potential for adaptation to climate change in a broadly distributed marine crustacean

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan W. Kelly ◽  
Eric Sanford ◽  
Richard K. Grosberg
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Tigriopus Californicus ◽  
Standing Variation

The extent to which acclimation and genetic adaptation might buffer natural populations against climate change is largely unknown. Most models predicting biological responses to environmental change assume that species' climatic envelopes are homogeneous both in space and time. Although recent discussions have questioned this assumption, few empirical studies have characterized intraspecific patterns of genetic variation in traits directly related to environmental tolerance limits. We test the extent of such variation in the broadly distributed tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus using laboratory rearing and selection experiments to quantify thermal tolerance and scope for adaptation in eight populations spanning more than 17° of latitude. Tigriopus californicus exhibit striking local adaptation to temperature, with less than 1 per cent of the total quantitative variance for thermal tolerance partitioned within populations. Moreover, heat-tolerant phenotypes observed in low-latitude populations cannot be achieved in high-latitude populations, either through acclimation or 10 generations of strong selection. Finally, in four populations there was no increase in thermal tolerance between generations 5 and 10 of selection, suggesting that standing variation had already been depleted. Thus, plasticity and adaptation appear to have limited capacity to buffer these isolated populations against further increases in temperature. Our results suggest that models assuming a uniform climatic envelope may greatly underestimate extinction risk in species with strong local adaptation.

Present and future of the critically endangered Araucaria angustifolia due to climate change and habitat loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar A Marchioro ◽  
Karine L Santos ◽  
Alexandre Siminski
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Agricultural Conversion ◽  
Key Species ◽  
On Farm

Abstract The critically endangered Brazilian pine, also called araucaria, (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze) is a key species of the Araucaria moist forest (AMF, Mixed Ombrophilous Forest). Illegal timber extraction, agricultural conversion and severe degradation have reduced the AMF to only 13 per cent of its original cover, with climate change imposing additional challenges for cold adapted species such as araucaria. Previous studies have assessed climate change impacts on A. angustifolia, but have been limited by analysis constraints. Here, we used a machine learning technique to understand how land use and climate change might affect the distribution of A. angustifolia, and to evaluate the effectiveness of existing protected areas (PAs) to conserve this species. Our results demonstrated that despite the recent efforts to conserve the Atlantic Forest, conversion of natural habitats into forest plantation still occurs within araucaria’s distribution range. Our model predicted a drastic reduction in environmentally suitable areas for this species of up to 77 per cent in the coming decades. Also, the existing PAs show low efficacy to protect suitable areas in the future. Combined, these results suggest that A. angustifolia will be under great threat within the next few decades and the development of conservation strategies to save this species is essential. Ideally, the conservation programs should integrate in situ and on farm approaches, including forest management strategies. Although in situ strategies play an important role as gene banks, on-farm strategies can be used to promote the restoration and expansion of A. angustifolia populations in the areas predicted as suitable.

scholarly journals Adaptation to climate change through genetic accommodation and assimilation of plastic phenotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1768) ◽  
pp. 20180176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Accommodation ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Climate Change Responses ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Environmentally Responsive

Theory suggests that evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity could either hinder or facilitate evolutionary rescue in a changing climate. Nevertheless, the actual role of evolving plasticity in the responses of natural populations to climate change remains unresolved. Direct observations of evolutionary change in nature are rare, making it difficult to assess the relative contributions of changes in trait means versus changes in plasticity to climate change responses. To address this gap, this review explores several proxies that can be used to understand evolving plasticity in the context of climate change, including space for time substitutions, experimental evolution and tests for genomic divergence at environmentally responsive loci. Comparisons among populations indicate a prominent role for divergence in environmentally responsive traits in local adaptation to climatic gradients. Moreover, genomic comparisons among such populations have identified pervasive divergence in the regulatory regions of environmentally responsive loci. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that divergence in plasticity plays a prominent role in adaptation to climatic gradients over space, indicating that evolving plasticity is also likely to play a key role in adaptive responses to climate change through time. This suggests that genetic variation in plastic responses to the environment (G × E) might be an important predictor of species' vulnerabilities to climate-driven decline or extinction.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change’.

scholarly journals Drought tolerance of three ethnomedicinal shrubs evaluated based on their seed germination rates at different drought levels induced by using polyethylene glycol (PEG6000)

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Mohammed Dadach ◽  
Zoheir Mehdadi
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Sideritis incana, Stachys ocymastrum, and Thymus fontanesii are medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family and occurring in semi-arid lands in northern Algeria and in many other countries along the Mediterranean coastline. Despite the ecological and economic interests and also the questionable future these species may meet in their natural habitats, various aspects of their seed biology have not been recognised to this date. This study was intended for in situ conservation of these plants. The problem investigated was the germination response of seeds to different water potential levels attained with using different amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) (0, –0.03, –0.07, –0.2, –0.5, –1 and –1.6 MPa). In this way, the appropriate conditions and the threshold tolerance of seed germination against water stress were assessed. Seeds of the three species lacked primary/innate dormancy and they germinated abundant and fast in distilled water (S. incana – 65%; S. ocymastrum – 60% and T. fontanseii – 90%). Small seeds of T. fontanesii tolerated more water stress and germinated under up to –1 MPa (–10 bars). Large seeds of S. incana and S. ocymastrum, however, were more sensitive to the drought stress and germinated only under –0.5 MPa (–5 bars). Moreover, more studied parameters were found developing negative reponse under rising drought stress, such as postponed triggering of seed germination, decreased germination velocity and prolonged germination duration, as well as the average time of germination. Therefore, these three plants appear to postpone their establishment until arrival of conditions promising for germination, including sufficient rainfall.

Erfassung der adaptiven genetischen Variation der Eiche im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel | Assessment of adaptive genetic variation in oaks with relation to climate change

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (6) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Oliver Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Adaptation ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Wide Range

Climate change is projected to lead to a major reorganization of our forests. For example, higher annual mean temperatures, longer growth seasons and drier summers are predicted for many parts of central and southern Europe, and in North America. In order to understand the genetic adaptation to climate change we need a better understanding of the genetic regulation of key traits involved in tolerance of water and temperature stress. Oaks (Quercus spp.) are excellent model species to study the adaptation of forest trees to changing environments. They show a wide geographic distribution in Europe and in North America as dominant tree species in many forests growing under a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions. With the availability of a growing amount of functional and expressional candidate genes we are now able to test the functional importance of genes by associating nucleotide variation in these genes with phenotypic variation in adaptive traits in segregating or natural populations. Studies trying to associate genetic variation with phenotypic variation in adaptive traits can be performed in full-sib families derived from controlled crosses (Quantitative Trait Loci [QTL] mapping) or in natural populations (association mapping). For several important adaptive traits QTL were mapped, the underlying genes have to be tested in natural populations. A future objective is to test whether genes that underlie phenotypic variation in adaptive traits are involved in local genetic adaptation and viability selection at the seedling stage, linked to reciprocal transplant experiments in order to assess the performance over climatic gradients.

scholarly journals Highly contrasted responses of Mediterranean octocorals to climate change along a depth gradient

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 140493 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Pivotto ◽  
D. Nerini ◽  
M. Masmoudi ◽  
H. Kara ◽  
L. Chaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Potential Response ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Integrative Study ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Different Response

Climate change has a strong impact on marine ecosystems, including temperate species. Analysing the diversity of thermotolerance levels within species along with their genetic structure enables a better understanding of their potential response to climate change. We performed this integrative study on the Mediterranean octocoral Eunicella cavolini , with samples from different depths and by means of a common garden experiment. This species does not host photosynthetic Symbiodinium , enabling us to focus on the cnidarian response. We compared the thermotolerance of individuals from 20 m and 40 m depths from the same site and with replicates from the same colony. On the basis of an innovative statistical analysis of necrosis kinetics and risk, we demonstrated the occurrence of a very different response between depths at this local scale, with lower thermotolerance of deep individuals. Strongly thermotolerant individuals were observed at 20 m with necrosis appearing at higher temperatures than observed in situ . On the basis of nine microsatellite loci, we showed that these marked thermotolerance differences occur within a single population. This suggests the importance of acclimatization processes in adaptation to these different depths. In addition, differences between replicates demonstrated the occurrence of a variability of response between fragments from the same colony with the possibility of an interaction with a tank effect. Our results provide a basis for studying adaptation and acclimatization in Mediterranean octocorals in a heterogeneous environment.

Carbonate chemistry dynamics in shellfish farming areas along the Chilean coast: natural ranges and biological implications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa M Saavedra ◽  
Gonzalo S Saldías ◽  
Bernardo R Broitman ◽  
Cristian A Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Current System ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Humboldt Current ◽  
Humboldt Current System

Abstract The increasing shellfish aquaculture requires knowledge about nearshore environmental variability to manage sustainably and create climate change adaptation strategies. We used data from mooring time series and in situ sampling to characterize oceanographic and carbonate system variability in three bivalve aquaculture areas located along a latitudinal gradient off the Humboldt Current System. Our results showed pHT <8 in most coastal sites and occasionally below 7.5 during austral spring–summer in the lower (−30°S) and central (−37°S) latitudes, related to upwelling. Farmed mussels were exposed to undersaturated (Ωarag < 1) and hypoxic (<2 ml l−1) waters during warm seasons at −37°S, while in the higher latitude (43°S) undersaturated waters were only detected during colder seasons, associated with freshwater runoff. We suggest that both Argopecten purpuratus farmed at −30°S and Mytilus chilensis farmed at −43°S may enhance their growth during summer due to higher temperatures, lower pCO2, and oversaturated waters. In contrast, Mytilus galloprovincialis farmed at 37°S grows better during spring–summer, following higher temperatures and high pCO2. This knowledge is relevant for aquaculture, but it must be improved using high-resolution time series and in situ experimentation with farmed species to aid their adaptation to climate change and ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Genetic differentiation in functional traits among European sessile oak populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1736-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M Torres-Ruiz ◽  
Antoine Kremer ◽  
Madeline R Carins Murphy ◽  
Tim Brodribb ◽  
Laurent J Lamarque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Trait Associations

Abstract The vulnerability of forest species and tree populations to climate change is related to the exposure of the ecosystem to extreme climatic conditions and to the adaptive capacity of the population to cope with those conditions. Adaptive capacity is a relatively under-researched topic within the forest science community, and there is an urgent need to understand to what extent particular combinations of traits have been shaped by natural selection under climatic gradients, potentially resulting in adaptive multi-trait associations. Thus, our aim was to quantify genetic variation in several leaf and woody traits that may contribute to multi-trait associations in which intra-specific variation could represent a source for species adaptation to climate change. A multi-trait approach was performed using nine Quercus petraea provenances originating from different locations that cover most of the species’ distribution range over Europe and that were grown in a common garden. Multiple adaptive differences were observed between oak provenances but also some evolutionary stasis. In addition, our results revealed higher genetic differentiation in traits related to phenology and growth than in those related to xylem anatomy, physiology and hydraulics, for which no genetic differentiation was observed. The multiple associations between those traits and climate variables resulting from multivariate and path analyses suggest a multi-trait association largely involving phenological and growth traits for Q. petraea.

scholarly journals Can intraspecific variation in a herbivorous mite alter responses to drought-stressed host plant? A common garden experiment in the context of climate change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Migeon ◽  
Philippe Auger ◽  
Odile Fossati ◽  
Ruth A Hufbauer ◽  
Maeva Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
The Impact

The effects of drought stress on plants and phytophagous arthropods are topics currently extensively investigated in the context of climate change. Dryness not only impacts cultivated plants but also their parasites, which in some cases are favoured by drought. It represents a major challenge that agriculture is facing in a perspective of intensification of drought. Direct effects of drought on herbivorous arthropods typically produce bigger offspring and faster development but attractiveness can also occur. However, how much responses to abiotic factors differ among populations of a species remains poorly documented. The impact of drought-stressed plants on key life-history parameters is here investigated for a major agricultural pest, the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, depending on the climatic conditions of the localities at origin. Sampled localities represent a rather wide range of core climate conditions across the mite s native distribution area with contrasting climatic profiles, ranging from wet temperate to cool Atlantic localities to medium to dry hot Mediterranean localities. Plant drought stress effects on mites was estimated by measuring four life history traits: development time, fecundity, sex-ratio and emigration rate in a common garden experiment made of two modalities: well-watered and drought-stressed bean plants. Mites feeding on drought-stressed plants displayed shorter developmental time and attempted to leave leaf patches less often, and young females were more fecund. The mites originating from wet temperate to cool Atlantic localities respond more strongly to drought than mites originating from medium to dry hot Mediterranean localities, suggesting local adaptation of T. urticae populations to various aridity values and indicates that mite feeding behaviour is shaped by the climatic conditions they faced in the area of origin.

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