The basics of plant hydraulics

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. e001
Author(s):  
Hervé Cochard
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Plant Hydraulics

This short text gives the fundamentals of plant hydraulics and its impact of their water relations and gas exchanges.

scholarly journals Water Relations and Gas Exchanges of West Indian Cherry under Salt Stress and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco V. da S. Sá ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Geovani S. de Lima ◽  
Emanoela P. de Paiva ◽  
Pedro D. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Chlorophyll A Fluorescence ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
West Indian ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Gas Exchanges

This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between the fertilization with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and irrigation with saline water on the water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence in West Indian cherry in the vegetative stage. The study was carried out in protected environment, using lysimeters filled with clay loam Regolithic Neosol, with low P content, installed in a randomized block design, arranged in a factorial scheme with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw), and four managements of P and N fertilization, with three replicates and one plant per plot. Along the experiment, water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated in West Indian cherry plants. The increase in irrigation water salinity reduces the gas exchanges of the plants, but the increment of 40% in N supply increases the photosynthetic activity of West Indian cherry at recommendation levels higher than 100:100% of the P/N ratio, when irrigated with ECw of up to 3.0 dS m-1. The combined action of N and P, at doses of 140:140% N/P recommendation, increases leaf turgor in the plants, regardless of the ECw level. The increment of 40% in N dose reduces the effects of salinity on the initial fluorescence of chlorophyll a in West Indian cherry irrigated with up to 2.2 dS m-1.

scholarly journals Plant hydraulic traits reveal islands as refugia from worsening drought

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron R Ramirez ◽  
Mark E De Guzman ◽  
Todd E Dawson ◽  
David D Ackerly
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Channel Islands ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Plant Hydraulics ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Potential Climate Change

Abstract Relatively mesic environments within arid regions may be important conservation targets as ‘climate change refugia’ for species persistence in the face of worsening drought conditions. Semi-arid southern California and the relatively mesic environments of California’s Channel Islands provide a model system for examining drought responses of plants in potential climate change refugia. Most methods for detecting refugia are focused on ‘exposure’ of organisms to certain abiotic conditions, which fail to assess how local adaptation or acclimation of plant traits (i.e. ‘sensitivity’) contribute to or offset the benefits of reduced exposure. Here, we use a comparative plant hydraulics approach to characterize the vulnerability of plants to drought, providing a framework for identifying the locations and trait patterns that underlie functioning climate change refugia. Seasonal water relations, xylem hydraulic traits and remotely sensed vegetation indices of matched island and mainland field sites were used to compare the response of native plants from contrasting island and mainland sites to hotter droughts in the early 21st century. Island plants experienced more favorable water relations and resilience to recent drought. However, island plants displayed low plasticity/adaptation of hydraulic traits to local conditions, which indicates that relatively conserved traits of island plants underlie greater hydraulic safety and localized buffering from regional drought conditions. Our results provide an explanation for how California’s Channel Islands function as a regional climate refugia during past and current climate change and demonstrate a physiology-based approach for detecting potential climate change refugia in other systems.

Water stress preconditioning of black spruce seedlings from lowland and upland sites

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1511-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdenbi Zine El Abidine ◽  
Pierre Y. Bernier ◽  
James D. Stewart ◽  
André P. Plamondon
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Net Photosynthesis Rate ◽  
One Year

One-year-old seedlings from two pairs of upland – lowland populations were subjected to three cycles of drought preconditioning. During a subsequent fourth cycle, preconditioned seedlings and seedlings that had been maintained under well-watered conditions were subjected to a final soil drought. During the drought periods, small but significant differences in gas exchanges and water relations were observed between upland and lowland seedlings but the differences were not consistent either within each lowland – upland pair or over the four cycles. During the final drought period, preconditioned seedlings maintained significantly higher net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate than unconditioned seedlings. In contrast, no significant differences were found in midday water potential, total sugar content, or water relations parameters between preconditioned and unconditioned seedlings. The results suggest an absence of ecotypic variation with respect to drought tolerance in black spruce. They also suggest that preconditioning in black spruce seedlings occurs mostly through the acclimation of stomatal and photosynthetic mechanisms to drought, without active osmotic adjustment. Key words: Picea mariana, ecotype, gas exchanges, water relations, osmoregulation, preconditioning.

scholarly journals Evolution of C 4 plants: a new hypothesis for an interaction of CO 2 and water relations mediated by plant hydraulics

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1588) ◽  
pp. 583-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin P. Osborne ◽  
Lawren Sack
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
High Light ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
Plant Hydraulics ◽  
Selective Agents ◽  
Environmental Transitions ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
New Hypothesis

C 4 photosynthesis has evolved more than 60 times as a carbon-concentrating mechanism to augment the ancestral C 3 photosynthetic pathway. The rate and the efficiency of photosynthesis are greater in the C 4 than C 3 type under atmospheric CO 2 depletion, high light and temperature, suggesting these factors as important selective agents. This hypothesis is consistent with comparative analyses of grasses, which indicate repeated evolutionary transitions from shaded forest to open habitats. However, such environmental transitions also impact strongly on plant–water relations. We hypothesize that excessive demand for water transport associated with low CO 2 , high light and temperature would have selected for C 4 photosynthesis not only to increase the efficiency and rate of photosynthesis, but also as a water-conserving mechanism. Our proposal is supported by evidence from the literature and physiological models. The C 4 pathway allows high rates of photosynthesis at low stomatal conductance, even given low atmospheric CO 2 . The resultant decrease in transpiration protects the hydraulic system, allowing stomata to remain open and photosynthesis to be sustained for longer under drying atmospheric and soil conditions. The evolution of C 4 photosynthesis therefore simultaneously improved plant carbon and water relations, conferring strong benefits as atmospheric CO 2 declined and ecological demand for water rose.

Time of irrigation affects vine water relations and the daily patterns of leaf gas exchanges and vascular flows to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Torres-Ruiz ◽  
Giulio Demetrio Perulli ◽  
Luigi Manfrini ◽  
Marco Zibordi ◽  
Gerardo Lopéz Velasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchanges ◽  
Daily Patterns

Leaf gas exchanges and water relations affect the daily patterns of fruit growth and vascular flows in Abbé Fétel pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees

2014 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brunella Morandi ◽  
Pasquale Losciale ◽  
Luigi Manfrini ◽  
Marco Zibordi ◽  
Stefano Anconelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchanges ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Daily Patterns
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