“Primitive race”, “pure race”, “brown race”, “every race”: Louis Freycinet’s Understanding of Human Difference in Oceania

2013 ◽  
pp. 215-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Starbuck
Keyword(s):  
Human Difference ◽  
Pure Race

Madness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph N. Straus
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Sociocultural Model ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Divine Punishment ◽  
Musical Modernism

The sorts of mental or affective states that are understood as madness (or medicalized as “mental illness”) vary with time and place. As with other culturally stigmatized bodily differences (i.e., disabilities), madness has been understood in three ways. First, madness has been understood in religious terms, as a mark of divine punishment or transcendent vision. Second, there is the medical model, which constitutes madness as “mental illness.” Third, in line with the sociocultural model of disability, madness is seen as a (potentially valuable) human difference rather than a deficit, pathology, or disease. Musical modernism represents madness in its divided consciousness (stratification into conflicting layers) and its hearing of voices (quotation of stylistically incongruous music).

II.—Hidden Divergence in Laboratory Strains of Drosophila pseudo-obscura

1944 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Hybrid Female ◽  
Back Cross ◽  
Pure Race ◽  
Range Of Variation

The Race A/Race B hybrid females of D. pseudo-obscura have a high percentage of fertility, comparable with that of females of pure race. The number and viability of their offspring, however, are largely affected by the genetic constitution of the hybrid female as well as by that of the male to which she is mated in the backcross. Hence the performance of any given hybrid is determined in the first instance by the actual strains of the pure races which are used in making the P1 racial cross. Generally speaking the results are of the same order whenever the same strains are used. The progenies of hybrid females of different genetic constitution may differ in three main aspects: (1) The total number of offspring may be comparable with that usually obtained in a pure race cross; it may be reduced to any extent; in certain matings it is consistently at zero. (2) The sex ratio may be completely normal or male-deficient or female-deficient in any degree; completely uni-sexual progenies are sometimes obtained. (The above observations are mainly in agreement with reports of earlier writers; cf. Lancefield, 1929, Dobzhansky, 1936, Mampell, 1941, Sturtevant, 1937.) (3) “Viability characters,” i.e. those affecting general vigour and physical normality, may be of a high or a low grade; some progenies are comparable in this respect with the pure race, the only exception being that they show a much greater range of variation in body-size of both sexes, and in the testis size of males, abnormalities which are common to all back-cross progenies whatever the genetic constitution of the mother or father. Some progenies show in addition deformities of a peculiar type usually affecting the abdomen and occasionally the legs and wings.

Decoding Race and Human Difference in a Genomic Age

differences ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. REARDON
Keyword(s):  
Human Difference

Sympathy and Empathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rae Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Moral Sense ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Free Indirect Discourse ◽  
Indirect Discourse ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Literary Techniques

Sympathy and empathy are complex and entwined concepts with philosophical and scientific roots relating to issues in ethics, aesthetics, psychology, biology, and neuroscience. For some, the two concepts are indistinguishable, the two terms interchangeable, but each has a unique history as well as qualities that make both concepts distinct. Although each is associated with feeling, especially the capacity to feel with others or to imaginatively put oneself “in their shoes,” the concepts’ sometimes shared, sometimes divergent histories reveal more complicated origins, as well as vexed and ongoing relations to feeling and emotion and to the ethical value of emotional sharing. Though empathy regularly is considered the more advanced and egalitarian of the two, it shares with sympathy a controversial role in historical debates regarding questions of an inborn or divine moral sense, prosocial behavior and the development of human communities, the relation of sensation to unconscious mental processes, brain matter, and neurons, and animal/human difference. In literary criticism, sympathy and empathy have been key components of aesthetic movements such as sentimentalism, realism, and modernism, and of literary techniques like free indirect discourse (FID), which are thought (by some) to enhance readerly intimacy and closeness to novelistic characters and perspectives. Both concepts have also received their fair share of suspicion, as the capacity to feel, or imagine feeling, the emotions of others remains a controversial basis for ethics.

Racializing a New Nation: German Coloniality and Anthropology in Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Thiago P. Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
New Nation

Abstract This paper deals with the transnationalism of racial anthropological frameworks and its role in the understanding of human difference during India’s decolonization and nation-building. With attention to the circulation of objects, I focus on the practices and articulations of Irawati Karve (1905–1970), an Indian anthropologist with a transnational scientific trajectory and nationalistic political engagements. I argue that Karve’s adaptation of an internationally validated German racial approach to study caste, ethnic and religious groups contributed to the further racialization of these categories as well as to the racialization of nationalistic projects in Maharashtra and India. I conclude with a reflection on the transnationalization of the coloniality of racialization.

scholarly journals Fateful Triangles in Brazil: A Forum on Stuart Hall’s The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation, Part II

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-470
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Stanley ◽  
João Nackle Urt ◽  
Thiago Braz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Hybrid Identity ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Racial Democracy ◽  
Racial Mixture ◽  
Stuart Hall ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Identity And Difference

Abstract Stuart Hall, a founding scholar in the Birmingham School of cultural studies and eminent theorist of ethnicity, identity and difference in the African diaspora, as well as a leading analyst of the cultural politics of the Thatcher and post-Thatcher years, delivered the W. E. B. Du Bois Lectures at Harvard University in 1994. In the lectures, published after a nearly quarter-century delay as The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation (2017), Hall advances the argument that race, at least in North Atlantic contexts, operates as a ‘sliding signifier,’ such that, even after the notion of a biological essence to race has been widely discredited, race-thinking nonetheless renews itself by essentializing other characteristics such as cultural difference. Substituting Michel Foucault’s famous power-knowledge dyad with power-knowledge-difference, Hall argues that thinking through the fateful triangle of race, ethnicity and nation shows us how discursive systems attempt to deal with human difference. In ‘Fateful Triangles in Brazil,’ Part II of Contexto Internacional’s forum on The Fateful Triangle, three scholars work with and against Hall’s arguments from the standpoint of racial politics in Brazil. Sharon Stanley argues that Hall’s account of hybrid identity may encounter difficulties in the Brazilian context, where discourses of racial mixture have, in the name of racial democracy, supported anti-black racism. João Nackle Urt investigates the vexed histories of ‘race,’ ‘ethnicity’ and ‘nation’ in reference to indigenous peoples, particularly Brazilian Indians. Finally, Thiago Braz shows, from a perspective that draws on Afro-Brazilian thinkers, that emphasizing the contingency of becoming in the concept of diaspora may ignore the myriad ways by which Afro-diasporic Brazilians are marked as being black, and thus subject to violence and inequality. Part I of the forum – with contributions by Donna Jones, Kevin Bruyneel and William Garcia – critically examines the promise and potential problems of Hall’s work from the context of North America and western Europe in the wake of #BlackLivesMatter and Brexit.

scholarly journals Läraryrket och det etiska behovet av att kunna navigera i utrymmet mellan det säkra och det osäkra

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-130
Author(s):  
Silvia Edling
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Profession ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ethical Dimension ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Human Difference

The purpose of this text is to highlight and discuss some of the aspects of uncertainty that exist in all forms of teaching and the importance of allowing for some degree of uncertainty for ethical reasons. More specifically, the text focuses on the ethical dimension of democracy, which politically provides a space for dealing with the relations, dynamic practices and human differences that exist regardless of ideological governing. The article answers the following questions: a) How can the political space in teaching be understood in relation to uncertainty? b) What do the relational dimensions in education mean for teaching and teachers? c) How can human difference be understood, and what does its presence in teaching and teachers’ work entail? and d) How can the teaching profession be understood in the tension between the certain and the uncertain?

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: I. PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS, PLASMA CHOLESTEROL, AND ELECTROLYTE LEVELS

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Idler ◽  
H. Tsuyuki
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Pure Race ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Percentage Basis

Physical measurements have been made on all major organs and tissues of a pure race of migrating adult Oncorhynchus nerka. The data show that the population was sufficiently uniform in size that average weights and measurements performed on fish taken at three locations on the migration route quite accurately represented a standard fish of both sexes. The results will enable chemical analyses to be interpreted as changes in absolute amounts of a given tissue component rather than only on a percentage basis. The merits of this approach to an evaluation of changes in migrating salmon is demonstrated by the magnitude of the weight changes in many tissues during the 715-mile migration. A standard male lost only 11% of its body flesh whereas a standard female lost 30%. The alimentary tract decreased to one sixth of the initial weight. The milt increased by 51% w hile the roe increased by 272%. Thus, it is apparent that percentage composition data cannot show quantitative changes in a fish as it moves up the river. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of others on Salmonidae.Plasma cholesterol, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, and urea levels were measured on pooled blood samples from the 216 fish.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omnia El Shakry
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Thought ◽  
Secular Ethics ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Psychoanalytic Thought ◽  
Social Scientific

This introductory chapter briefly explores the topography of modern selfhood and its ethical and epistemological contours in postwar Egypt. More specifically, it asks what it means to think through psychoanalysis and Islam together, not as a “problem” but as a creative encounter of ethical engagement. In so doing, the chapter considers the points of intersection, articulation, and commensurability between Islamic discourses and modern social scientific thought, and between religious and secular ethics. This hybridization of psychoanalytic thought with pre-psychoanalytic Islamic discursive formations illustrates that the Arabic Freud emerged not as something developed in Europe only to be diffused at its point of application elsewhere, but rather as something elaborated, like psychoanalysis itself, across the space of human difference.

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