scholarly journals Análise comparativa da mobilidade ocupacional entre homens e mulheres estrangeiros no mercado formal de trabalho brasileiro / Comparative analysis of occupational mobility between foreign men and women in Brazil’s formal labour market

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Lima Ayer de Noronha ◽  
Elaine Meire Vilela
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Men And Women

Esse artigo objetiva analisar: i) se mulheres e homens estrangeira(o)s têm padrões de mobilidade ocupacional diferentes no mercado de trabalho formal brasileiro; ii) se as mulheres têm menores probabilidades de mobilidade ascendente, quando compa-radas aos seus conterrâneos; iii) e se as chances de mobilidade ascendente entre es-trangeiros e estrangeiras no mercado de trabalho formal brasileiro se diferenciam por grupo de nacionalidade. Para tanto, utilizamos os dados das Relações Anuais de In-formações Sociais (RAIS) de 1995 a 2015 que se referem somente aos trabalhadore(a) s empregado(a)s no mercado formal. Os resultados evidenciam que não são todos os grupos de estrangeiros que apresentam chances de mobilidade diferentes entre homens e mulheres, pois depende da nacionalidade do indivíduo. Para aqueles que apresentam divergências, as chances de mobilidade ascendente são maiores para os estrangeiros comparados às estrangeiras. In this article we analyse whether: i) foreign women and men exhibit different occupational mobility patterns in Brazil’s formal labour market; ii) foreign women are less likely to experience upward mobility than their male peers; and iii) the chances of upward mobility among foreign women and men in Brazil’s formal labour market differ by nationality. To examine these questions, we use the data from the Annual Social Information Reports (RAIS) from 1995 to 2015, which refer exclusively to workers employed in the formal labour market. The results demonstrate that the chances of mobility of men and women do not differ among all groups of foreigners, since this difference is dependent on the nationality concerned. For those groups that do show differences, the chances of upward mobility are higher among men than women.

Inter-firm job mobility and occupational transitions in Spain: are they related?

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 674-692
Author(s):  
Antonio Caparrós Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Occupational Transitions ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed knowledge about the relationship between the inter-firm job mobility and the occupational transitions in Spain during the last years. In particular, it is tested whether if the type of job-to-job mobility (voluntary or involuntary) has some influence on the workers careers. The empirical analysis is based on panel data provided by the Living Condition Survey, which is conducted by the Spanish Statistics Institute (INE). The period analysed covers the years between 2005 and 2010 (both inclusive), what allows observing the labour mobility patterns in the recent Spanish economic crisis. Design/methodology/approach – The econometric specification used to analyse occupational mobility corresponds to a random effect panel multinomial logit model. The econometric model is estimated separately for workers that have remained at the same firm and for workers who have changed firms; for the latter group, a dummy variable indicating whether the individual quit or was laid off is included as a regressor. Findings – The results derived from the estimates of the econometric specifications show that individuals who voluntarily leave a firm find the decision has a positive effect on their careers, as their probability of upward occupational mobility is more than 90 per cent higher than for individuals who leave their previous position as a result of having been laid off. Social implications – This result is an argument in favour of adopting active labour market policies that help improve information flows in the labour market and allow workers a better understanding of potential job offers from outside firms. Originality/value – This paper analyses the relationship between inter-firm mobility and occupational transitions that has not yet addressed in the economic literature for Spain.

scholarly journals Social mobility in Mexico. Trends, Recent Findings and Research Challenges

Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Patricio Solís Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Structural Mobility

La recesión de los años ochenta y la subsecuente reestructuración económica tuvieron un profundo impacto en la sociedad mexicana. No obstante, sus consecuencias sobre la movilidad social no fueron analizadas hasta finales de los noventa, cuando una serie de estudios empíricos revelaron las continuidades y los cambios en los patrones de movilidad social. En este artículo se discuten cuatro tendencias recientes: la continuidad de las altas tasas absolutas de movilidad intergeneracional; la reducción de las recompensas monetarias asociadas a la movilidad ocupacional; la creciente rigidez en las tasas relativas de movilidad; y el ajuste del caso mexicano al patrón de movilidad general propuesto por Erikson y Goldthorpe. El panorama que resulta de estas tendencias es el de una sociedad que, a pesar los efectos negativos de la crisis y los cambios estructurales de los años ochenta y noventa, ha mantenido altas tasas de movilidad social, pero sufre en otros aspectos como la calidad de las oportunidades de movilidad ascendente y la creciente desigualdad de oportunidades asociada a los orígenes de clase. El artículo concluye con una discusión sobre posibles líneas futuras de investigación de los estudios sobre movilidad social en México.Abstract: The recession of the 1980s and subsequent economic restructuring in the 1990s had a profound impact on Mexican society. However, the consequences in social mobility were not fully explored until the end of the 1990s, when a series of empirical studies revealed continuities and changes in mobility patterns. The purpose of this article is to discuss trends in intergenerational social mobility. Four findings are discussed: the continuity of high overall and upward mobility rates; the reduction of monetary gains associated to upward occupational mobility; the increasing rigidity in relative rates of occupational mobility; and the overall compliance of the Mexican case to Erikson and Golthorpe’s core model of social fluidity. The picture emerging from these findings depicts a society that, notwithstanding the negative effects of the economic recession and structural changes of the 1980s and 1990s, maintained high rates of structural mobility, but suffered in other aspects such as the decrease in the quality of opportunities of upward mobility, as well as the increasing inequality of opportunity by class origins. The article concludes with a discussion of future avenues of research for social mobility studies in Mexico.Résumé : La récession des années 1980 et la subséquente restructuration économique des années 1990 a causé un impact profond sur la société mexicaine. Néanmoins, ses conséquences sur la mobilité sociale n’ont été entièrement explorées qu’à la fin des années 1990, quand une série d’études empiriques a dévoilé des continuités et des changements dans les modèles de mobilité. Le but de cet article est d’analyser les tendances de la mobilité sociale inter générationnelle. Le débat porte sur quatre découvertes: la continuité de taux élevés d’ascension dans l’échelle sociale ; la réduction des entrées monétaires associée à une mobilité occupationnelle plus importante ; la rigidité croissante des taux relatifs à la mobilité occupationnelle ; et la totale conformité du cas mexicain au modèle type de fluidité sociale d’Erickson et Golthorpe. L’image qui émerge de ces résultats décrit une société qui, malgré les effets négatifs de la récession économique et les réformes structurelles des années 1980 et 1990, maintient de hauts indices de mobilité structurelle, mais qui paie les conséquences d’autres aspects tels que la baisse de la qualité des opportunités d’ascension dans l’échelle sociale, ainsi que l’augmentation de l’inégalité d’opportunités données par la classe d’origine. L’article conclut par une discus- sion sur les futures voies de recherche possibles pour affiner les études sur la mobilité sociale au Mexique.

scholarly journals Ethnicity, Mobility and Role of Informal Channels: Evidence from Delhi Slums

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Jha ◽  
Nitesh Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Regional Background ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Urban Labour Market

<p>This study has focused on the well-being of the migrants and explored the role of informal channels among different ethnic groups and its effect on upward mobility. This was made possible by conducting primary surveys in the slums of Delhi. It was found that the extent of upward income movement seems to exceed the downward income movement though the cases of stagnancy and downward occupational mobility aren’t to be ignored.  We concluded that evidences in favour of upward mobility are not overwhelming but it would be equally erroneous to overlook the change that has occurred. With regard to the role of informal channels, we   found that in the initial stages while entering the urban labour market, close relatives (from their regional background) matter a lot but subsequently, it is individual inspiration that keeps him going in the labour market.</p>

Tracing Occupational Mobility/Immobility among Informal Transport Workers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Transport Workers

Chapter 6 unpicks the long-term dynamics of occupational mobility or immobility of daladala workers. By drawing on the list of the 121 transport workers who were members of the association in 2002, and by tracking their occupational whereabouts in 2009 and again in 2014, the chapter asks to what extent work as a daladalaman, notwithstanding its hardship and insecurity, fuelled dynamics of micro-accumulation and upward mobility. Semi-structured interviews with twenty-five of these workers aim to elicit workers’ own views on their own occupational trajectory and on the strategies they have used and the constraints they have encountered when navigating the labour market. Such interviews inform the potted occupational histories of a dozen of workers presented in the chapter.

scholarly journals Time Allocation between Paid and Unpaid Work among Men and Women: An Empirical Study of Indian Villages

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2671
Author(s):  
A. Amarender Reddy ◽  
Surabhi Mittal ◽  
Namrata Singha Roy ◽  
Sanghamitra Kanjilal-Bhaduri
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Wage Earning ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Wage Income

The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-employed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, education, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on women’s farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging women’s participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment.

Gender and Social Security: Some Lessons from Europe

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Charlotte Ståhlberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sickness Benefit ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
The Individual

Different social security schemes affect men and women differently. This article compares the family or single earner model with the individual or dual earner model and examines their impact on gender inequality. However, even where social security schemes are designed to be gender neutral, when applied in a context that is systematically structured by gender, it points out that they will have a different impact on men and women. The article examines the ways in which supposedly gender-neutral rules, in sickness benefit, survivors' pensions and old age pensions have affected men and women in Sweden and concludes that, if countries wish to achieve equal economic outcomes for men and women, they will need to introduce measures to equalise men's and women's commitments to the home and the labour market, and to enable women to attain higher-paid jobs on the same basis as men.

The emotional costs of caring incurred by men and women in the British labour market

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2160-2171 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nicholas Barron ◽  
Elizabeth West
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
British Labour

scholarly journals Transparency in corporate governance: Extent of directors duty to declare interest in company’s transactions

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony O. Nwafor
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
Important Position

The realization that the directors occupy important position in corporate governance, and as business men and women, cannot be prevented from having dealings with the company, demand a close scrutiny of corporate transactions in which they are directly or indirectly involved or have an interest to ensure that such interest is not placed above their duty to the company. One of the ways in which the law strives to achieve this balance is by imposing a duty on the director to disclose to the board any interest he has in company’s transactions. This requirement which was previously governed by the common law and the company’s articles, is presently increasingly finding a place in companies statutes in different jurisdictions. The paper examines, through a comparative analysis, the provisions on the duty of the director to disclose interest in company’s transactions in South Africa and United Kingdom with the aim of discovering the extent to which the statute in both jurisdictions upholds the common law prescriptions. The paper argues that the need for transparency in corporate governance and the preservation of the distinct legal personality of the company demand that the duty to disclose interest should be upheld even in those cases of companies run by a sole director.

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