scholarly journals Half a Century of Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomosis Control on the Adamawa Plateau in Cameroon

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mamoudou ◽  
A. Zoli ◽  
P. Van den Bossche ◽  
V. Delespaux ◽  
D. Cuisance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Animal Trypanosomosis ◽  
Traitements Insecticides ◽  
Trypanosomosis Control

L’invasion des glossines sur le plateau de l’Adamaoua se situe dans les années 1950 et a entrainé une mortalité élevée des bovins à cause de la trypanosomose et des émigrations massives des éleveurs de la zone infestée. Trois espèces de mouches tsé-tsé ont été relevées : Glossina morsitans submorsitans, G. fuscipes fuscipes et G. tachinoides. Entre 1960 et 1975, le Gouvernement camerounais a organisé des campagnes de traitement aux trypanocides de masse du bétail. Des activités de lutte contre les glossines ont ensuite été initiées. Entre 1976 et 1994, plusieurs campagnes régulières de pulvérisation aérienne ont été réalisées aboutissant à l’assainissement de 3 200 000 hectares de pâturage. Malheureusement des réinvasions ponctuelles de la mouche tsé-tsé dans la zone assainie n’ont pas pu être évitées. Afin de prévenir la réinvasion des glossines à partir de la plaine de Koutine (au niveau du plateau de l’Adamaoua), des barrières constituées de pièges et d’écrans ont été créées. Cependant des feux de brousse ont détruit la plupart des piètes et de écrans peu après leur mise en place en 1994. Ils ont alors été remplacés par un programme de traitements insecticides du bétail. Des enquêtes transversales et longitudinales parasitologiques et entomologiques en 2004 et 2005 ont montré que la barrière constituée de bétail traité aux insecticides avait réussi à maintenir le plateau relativement indemne de glossines. L’incidence de la trypanosomose enregistrée chez le bétail du plateau variait entre 0 et 2,1 p. 100. Cependant une prévalence élevée inquiétante de résistance aux produits trypanocides a été rapportée récemment dans le département du Faro et Déo. Dans le cadre de la campagne panafricaine d’éradication des mouches tsétsé et des trypanosomoses (Pattec), le Cameroun est actuellement en train de préparer un projet commun avec le Tchad, la République d’Afrique centrale et le Nigeria pour éradiquer les mouches tsé-tsé et les trypanosomoses.

Photographic polytene chromosome maps for Glossina morsitans submorsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae): cytogenetic analysis of a colony with sex-ratio distortion

Genome ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gariou-Papalexiou ◽  
G Yannopoulos ◽  
A Zacharopoulou ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Ratio Distortion ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Sex Ratio Distortion ◽  
Pharate Adult

Photographic polytene chromosome maps from trichogen cells of pharate adult Glossina morsitans submorsitans were constructed. Using the standard system employed to map polytene chromosomes of Drosophila, the characteristic landmarks were described for the X chromosome and the two autosomes (L1 and L2). Sex-ratio distortion, which is expressed in male G. m. submorsitans, was found to be associated with an X chromosome (XB) that contains three inversions in each arm. Preliminary data indicate no differences in the fecundity of XAXA and XAXB females, but there are indications that G. m. submorsitans in colonies originating from Burkina Faso and Nigeria have genes on the autosomes and (or) the Y chromosome that suppress expression of sex-ratio distortion.Key words: tsetse, Glossina morsitans submorsitans, polytene chromosome maps, inversions, sex-ratio distortion.

scholarly journals Factors affecting sustainable animal trypanosomosis control in parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hudu Okankhamame Osue ◽  
Felix Apeh. Godwin Lawani ◽  
Chukwuemeka Ikechukwu Njoku
Keyword(s):  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Animal Trypanosomosis ◽  
Trypanosomosis Control

Genetics of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae): further mapping of linkage groups I, II, and III

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Gooding ◽  
C M Challoner
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Aldehyde Oxidase ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Standard mapping procedures were used to map four loci in linkage group I (the X chromosome), two loci in linkage group II, and two loci in linkage group III of Glossina morsitans submorsitans. In the presence of the allele Srd (the distorter allele favoring production of female offspring), no recombination occurred between any of the following loci: Pgm (phosphoglucomutase), wht (white eye color), Est-X (a thoracic esterase), and Sr (sex-ratio distortion). However, in the absence of Srd (i.e., in females homozygous for Srn, the allele that permits males to sire both female and male offspring in approximately equal numbers), the loci Pgm and wht were separated by 23 ± 4.0% recombination (map distance). These results indicate that ourG. m. submorsitans strains carry two forms of the X chromosome, designated XA and XB. In support of this interpretation, two lines of G. m. submorsitans were established: in both lines, males with wild-type eyes sired families that were almost exclusively female, while males with white eyes sired families having males and females in approximately equal numbers. Two loci, Ao (aldehyde oxidase) and Est-1 (a thoracic esterase) were separated by 6.1 ± 2.3% recombination in linkage group II, and two loci, Mdh (malate dehydrogenase) and Pgi (phosphoglucose isomerase), showed 51.9 ± 4.9% recombination in linkage group III.

Sex ratio distortion in Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rawlings ◽  
I. Maudlin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Genetic Aberration ◽  
Ratio Distortion ◽  
Sex Ratio Distortion

AbstractA laboratory colony of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. originating from Nigeria exhibits an excess of females over males. The sex ratio distortion of more than two females to one male was studied by the maintenance of individual flies. Five males sired more than ten daughters without producing any sons when mated to several females, whilst other males fathered approximately equal numbers of male and female offspring; there was no evidence for selective abortion of male embryos. The presence of these ‘distorter’ males, which produce only female offspring, was found to cause the sex ratio distortion. The results are discussed with reference to data from the field which indicate that this genetic aberration is not confined to the laboratory; possible implications for chemical control programmes are assessed.

Genetic analysis of sterility in hybrids from crosses of Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina morsitans centralis (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1963-1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Centralis ◽  
Recurrent Backcrossing ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

When genetically marked Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead were mated to Glossina morsitans centralis Machado, viable offspring were obtained when using G. m. submorsitans females but not when using G. m. centralis females. The maternally inherited sterility factor, from G. m. submorsitans, that causes this asymmetry was inactivated or replaced during recurrent backcrossing to G. m. centralis. F1 hybrid males were sterile but most F1 hybrid females were fertile. There was little evidence for differential transmission of G. m. submorsitans and G. m. centralis chromosomes by hybrid females. Almost all backcross males were sterile if they had an X and a Y chromosome from two different taxa; the exceptional males had recombinant X chromosomes. The X chromosome locus for X/Y compatibility lies closer to the locus for esterase-X than to the locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Heterozygosity in linkage group II is also a factor in causing hybrid male sterility; the locus for compatibility is closer to the locus for octanol dehydrogenase than to the locus for esterase-1. Among the backcross males that had an X and a Y chromosome from the same taxon, 12% of those obtained by backcrossing to G. m. centralis were fertile and 65% of those obtained by backcrossing to G. m. submorsitans were fertile. Backcrossing F1 hybrid females to G. m. submorsitans produced females that were equally likely to be fertilized by G. m. submorsitans and G. m. centralis. However, backcrossing to G. m. centralis produced females that had a much lower probability of being fertilized by G. m. submorsitans than by G. m. centralis.

The distribution of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in The Gambia and the application of survey results to tsetse and trypanosomiasis control

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rawlings ◽  
M.L. Ceesay ◽  
T.J. Wacher ◽  
W.F. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Riparian Habitats

AbstractA country-wide survey of the distribution of tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and G. palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank was carried out in The Gambia, during 1989–1990, using box traps at 1654 sites over an area of 10,000 km2 The general distribution of tsetse had changed little during the last 45 years. G. m. submorsitans was present in dry, canopied woodland throughout most of the country, but was absent from an area south of the River Gambia stretching from the coast to some 100 km inland. G. p. gambiensis occurred in evergreen forest and woodland near the coast, and in riparian habitats along the length of the River Gambia and its major tributaries. Nowhere in the country was more than 20 km from tsetse-infested areas. Five major foci of G. m. submorsitans infestation were identified. Demographic, climatic and environmental factors affect tsetse populations in The Gambia, but it is expected that these foci of infestation will persist for at least the next 5–10 years. The numbers of tsetse trapped, expressed as relative densities, were used to assess the extent and severity of losses from trypanosomiasis to different categories of livestock. Survey results such as these could be used to assess whether control measures to reduce tsetse challenge are likely to be economically viable by using techniques such as insecticide-impregnated targets, pour-ons or chemotherapy.

The relative potency of insecticides to tsetse flies assessed by two methods

1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Busvine ◽  
U. Abdurrahim ◽  
N. N. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Pregnant Female ◽  
Relative Potency ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
The Difference

The insecticidal Potencies of DDT, dieldrin, isobenzan, malathion, diazinon and arprocarb were assessed both by topical application of oil solutions to test insects any by exposing the latter to residues on glass, using young male and non-pregnant female adults of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst., G. austebi Newst., and Chrysomya putoria (Wied.).By topical application, dieldrin and isobenzan were 10–23 times as potent as DDT, but their residues were on ly 2.2–6.3 times as effective; arprocarb was likewise more effective by topical application than as a residue, being, respectively, 9 and 3.5 times as effective as DDT. In contrast, diazinon, and, especially, malathion tended to be more efficient, relative to DDT, as residues than might be expected from application tests.It is presumed that the difference between the ralative potency of an insecticide as a reesidue and as applied topically reflects the physical factors affecting contamination and penetration of the insect, but these matters have nor been stuided with tsetse flies.

Observations on the ecology of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Northern Nigeria

1965 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Season ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Vegetation Zone ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Forest Islands

Observations, largely based on regular catches along a fly-round, were made over the five years 1959–64 on a population of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. The results showed that the largest numbers of flies were caught in the early dry season (November–January) and that, as the climate became progressively drier and more severe, fly numbers declined to reach their annual minimum at the end of the dry season or in the early rains (March–May). These results are tentatively interpreted in terms of the true density of the flies and their activity. Differences occurred between the various years, some of which could be explained by climatic differences.Of the 7,412 flies caught over the five years, 1,128 (15·2%) were females; the percentage of females was highest in the dry season, rising to a peak of 24·1 per cent, in February, and was below 10 per cent. during the wet season. Many more females were caught on the bodies of the catching team than on vegetation or the ground near the team.The flies rarely fed on civet cat (Civettictis civetta) or duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus, Sylvicapra grimmia), which were the potential hosts most frequently observed in the experimental area, but fed mainly on wart-hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and man, the next most commonly observed potential hosts.During the heavy rains, males of G. m. submorsitans were evenly distributed over the fly-round, but at all other seasons they were concentrated to some extent in areas of thicker vegetation. During the dry season, pupae were found in the dry soil of forest islands and riverine vegetation in the savannah; the wet season breeding sites were not discovered. Previously published data on the resting sites and trypanosome infection rate of G. m. submorsitans in the area are summarised.The results are discussed and compared with the conclusions reached by other workers from earlier more extensive studies on G. m. morsitans Westw. in Tanganyika and on G. m. submorsitans in the Sudan Savannah vegetation zone of Northern Nigeria.

Distribution and trypanosome infection rates ofGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. along a trade cattle route in south-western Nigeria

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. T. Baldry
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Open Woodland

The distribution and trypanosome infection rates ofGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. were studied during the wet season of 1967 along 75 miles of the main trade cattle route which passes through the savannah country between Ilorin and Oyo in south-western Nigeria.G.m. submorsitanswas found inhabiting open woodland, grassland, farmland and the environs of towns associated with the cattle route. In comparison with the types of habitat this species occupies in its zone of wide distribution in northern Nigeria, those habitats studied were considered atypical. It is suggested that the presence ofG.m. submorsitansin the area investigated had resulted from a southward population advance over the last 50 years and this hypothesis is discussed in relation to existing knowledge ofG.m. submorsitansadvances.The trypanosome infection rates of 61.6 and 76.6 per cent, found in 364 examples ofG.m. submorsitansdissected are much higher than previously recorded for any of the subspecies ofG. morsitansWestw. A steady southward increase in the trypanosome infection rates ofG.m. submorsitanswas demonstrated for populations inhabiting 200 miles of cattle route. Trypanosome infections inG.m. submorsitansare attributed toTrypanosoma vivaxandT. congolense, and the absence ofbrucei-group infections is discussed in relation to the incidence ofT. bruceiinfections in trade cattle and limitations of the technique used for demonstrating infections in tsetse flies.It is stressed that epizootiological aspects of the present findings cannot be clarified until reliable data on trypanosome infections of trade cattle in the area studied are available.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document