scholarly journals The issue of social inequality in terms of health: a comparative study of Russia within the European context

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
Nina L. Rusinova ◽  
Viacheslav V. Safronov
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Age Related

This article examines the issue of social inequality in terms of health, while citing the main results of an empirical study on the matter, which have been attained by means of analyzing data from the European social survey (ESS) for a few dozen countries, including Russia, together with statistical information on the state of their economy and welfare, utilizing a two-level linear and logistic modeling method. In different parts of Europe indexes of general wellbeing and the risk of developing depression differ quite drastically – in Russia, as is the case with most other relatively underdeveloped nations, the population’s health is markedly worse than in the most of the highly developed social democracies. These indexes significantly differ within the country as well – among people who occupy unequal positions within demographical and social structures. A natural discrepancy in health between elder and younger age groups is especially pronounced in underdeveloped countries, while in nations with a high level of prosperity and state social guarantees these age-related discrepancies are more or less evened out. Social capital and an individual’s mental strength play a crucial role in maintaining good health. Possessing psychosocial resources is beneficial to the health of those belonging to any given social stratum. However, in developed European countries this is mostly beneficial to the more vulnerable groups of lower social status. In developed European countries the health of said groups is negatively affected in no small part due to them experiencing relative deprivation, and the stress of social comparison to the prosperous majority. So this is not only due to a shortage of material resources or their limited access to high-quality medical services, as is the case in Russia and in underdeveloped European states. In well developed countries individual reserves and social bonds are especially important for the lower strata, in order for them to successfully overcome the negative impact of such strain on their health.

European and Ukrainian experience in financial support to farming activities through fiscal instruments

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1063
Author(s):  
E.A. Nepochatenko ◽  
E.T. Prokopchuk ◽  
B.S. Guzar
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Tax Regimes

Subject. The article considers financial regulation through the use of tax mechanisms. Objectives. The aim of the study is to evaluate European and Ukrainian practices of fiscal incentives for farming through fiscal instruments with VAT playing the key role. Methods. In the study we employed economic and statistical research methods, like monographic, comparison, scientific generalization. Results. Based on the analysis of VAT implementation on farmers in developed countries in Europe we substantiated the conclusion about its focus on simplifying the tax procedures and eliminating the negative impact on operations of economic entities. Special tax treatment (including VAT collection) is mainly used to streamline tax relations, taking into account the specifics of farming, rather than to improve the financial support to farms. We revealed that in the Ukrainian practice its main task is financial support to agricultural production. Conclusions and Relevance. The experience of developed European countries on the use of special tax regimes and taxation procedures should serve as a model for Ukraine. Financial incentives for agricultural production development should be directly supported by the State, and special tax treatment and tax administration should be focused on streamlining tax relations in the region, based on the practice of developed European countries such as UK, Germany, Italy and France.

scholarly journals Increasingly capable at the ripe old age? Cognitive abilities from 2004 to 2013 in Germany, Spain, and Sweden

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254038
Author(s):  
Julia Grasshoff ◽  
Johannes Beller ◽  
Beatrice G. Kuhlmann ◽  
Siegfried Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Starting Point

Background Life expectancy is increasing in most high-income countries, but gains in life years are maximized if spent in good health and if cognitive abilities are maintained until old age. Age-related decline of cognitive abilities does nevertheless occur, but the pace of decline is decisive. This was the starting point for our study that aims to examine cohort effects of cognitive aging in women and men in Germany, Spain and Sweden by analyzing changes from 2004 to 2013 by estimating cohort effects within age groups starting from the age of 50 years. Methods A cohort study was conducted that was based on data of the surveys 2004 (N = 6,081) and 2013 (N = 8,650) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The analyses were based on data of female and male respondents aged 50 years and older. Age-specific means of verbal fluency and delayed recall from the German, Spanish and Swedish samples were the cognitive domains considered in the study. Results In both domains of cognitive ability the achievements in the later surveys were higher than in the earlier ones. This was found in all countries, abut achievement levels increased markedly in the German and the Spanish samples, while the scores of the Swedish samples were not significantly different. While the highest scores were found for Sweden, Germany ranked in the middle and the lowest scores were found in the Spanish samples. Over time, the scores of the German samples approached those of Sweden. Conclusions From the first to the second survey, improvements of older adults’ cognitive abilities were found for all countries considered. This may indicate improvements of the underlying educational systems, but also increasingly stimulating general living conditions.

scholarly journals Introducing Park Facilities and Novelties to Support Individual’s Intention to (Re)Visit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Opačak
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
City Development ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Park Transformation ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization

Many developed countries have recognized the importance of public parks in sustainable development of cities as they help minimizing the negative impact of urbanization. Developing countries, on the other hand, are facing problems such as lack of public awareness and inadequate facilities for sports and social activities to attract visitors to public parks, which positively affect the social and psychological human well-being. Parks are venues that enable people of all age groups to engage in different activities with family and friends and connect with nature. While planning a city development, policy makers should consider new findings in the area of brownfield regeneration, to use the existing land more efficiently and ensure public acceptance of the proposed projects. This chapter contains five sections. Section 1 gives an introduction to land use challenges faced by policy makers, brownfield sites, and stimulus that motivate people to use public parks. In Section 2, the importance of urban parks to human health and key elements to achieve urban sustainability are presented. Section 3 introduces novelty among park facilities. Section 4 gives an example of a landfill-to-park transformation. Section 5 summarizes policy suggestions for decision makers to increase their focus on the importance of parks.

scholarly journals Debt strategies of European countries and vectors of implementation of best experience in the practice of external public debt management of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Ivanna Moroz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Public Debt Management ◽  
Debt Policy

The policy of external and domestic public debt management in different countries has its own specifics, and its results are not always unambiguous. Thus, the existing recommendations of the International Monetary Fund and the Maastricht criteria prove that the maximum value of public debt to GDP should be no more than 60 %. Exceeding this limit can lead to a deterioration in financial stability, debt sustainability, and ultimately to a technical default of the state. However, the practice of public debt management in many developed countries shows quite opposite trends, as a significant excess of the Maastricht criterion not only does not lead to default, but on the contrary allows countries to accumulate the necessary financial resources to ensure stable economic growth. Therefore, the study of European debt strategies and their effectiveness is a very important issue, especially given the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for developing countries. Given the growing external debt dependence of Ukraine as a result of both the war with the Russian Federation and the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for a better experience of European debt policy and consideration of ways to adapt it to domestic realities are discussed in our article. Based on the analysis of the debt policy of European countries, the expediency of using debt rules, aimed at regulating both the country's debt security and the effectiveness of the use of public borrowing to stimulate economic growth has been proved. Cluster analysis of debt strategies of some European countries has shown that the high level of dependence on external public debt has a negative impact on economic security in general, because in the event of deteriorating macroeconomic situation, the likelihood of foreign investors selling government securities increases, and in the case of external loans from international financial and credit organizations – the risks of negative impact of burdensome non-financial obligations on the national economy grow.

Cross-country variation in sleep disturbance among working and older age groups: an analysis based on the European Social Survey

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1413-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dregan ◽  
D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Older Age ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Survey

ABSTRACTBackground: Sleep disturbance is a common complaint in the general population. There is, however, little cross-national comparative evidence on the prevalence of sleep disturbance and its association with age.Methods: Cross-sectional data from the third wave of the European Social Survey were used to compare both the prevalence of sleep disturbances and its relationship to age among 27,103 respondents over the age of 40 years from 23 European countries. The outcome measures for the study were based on the proportion of respondents reporting restless sleep over the past week and percentage change in the reporting of restless sleep between the 41–65 age group and the 66 and over age group.Result: The prevalence rate of sleep disturbance varied between and within age groups, as well as between the 23 European countries. Depressive symptoms (OR = 4.14), anxiety (OR = 2.80), and general health (OR = 1.52) were the strongest correlates of sleep disturbance among both the 41–65 age group and the over 66 age group. The highest positive correlation with change in restless sleep reports occurred with respect to health deterioration. Satisfaction with living standards showed the strongest negative association with change in restless sleep reports.Conclusion: There is considerable variation in reports of sleep disturbance across different European countries. Being in an older age group appears to be associated with worsening sleep, though not always. Different patterns of sleep disturbance seem to indicate the considerable variability of the aging experience across Europe.

scholarly journals Coming of (Old) Age in the Digital Age: ICT Usage and Non-Usage among Older Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Barbosa Neves ◽  
Fausto Amaro ◽  
Jaime R. S. Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Age Related

Most developed countries are in the midst of two significant societal trends: the first is an aging population; the second is the uptake of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by large segments of society. But research shows a strong association between age and the so-called digital divide: older adults are less likely to use ICT when compared to other age groups. If we consider the social affordances of the Internet and the online migration of several public and private services, the lack of access or of digital literacy might be increasing age-related inequality. Consequently, we studied adoption, usage, and non-usage of ICT (mobile phones, computers, and the Internet) by Portuguese older adults. For that, we surveyed a random stratified sample of 500 individuals over 64 years of age living in Lisbon. Of this sample, 77% owned a mobile phone, 13% used computers, and 10% used the Internet. The main reasons for non-usage were functional and attitudinal, rather than physical or associated with age. But usage of mobile phones and computers was predicted by age and education, whereas the usage of the Internet was only predicted by education. We followed up the survey with 10 qualitative interviews, using a mixed methods strategy. The qualitative data showed a general positive perception of ICT as well as the importance of family and intergenerational relationships for technology adoption and use.

scholarly journals Crisis process in the development of European Countries at the current stage of the EU

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Tetjana Humeniuk
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Process ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Eu

Purpose.. The aim of the article is to analyze the issues of the relationship between the phenomena of convergence and divergence on the basis of the activities of the European Union. Methodology. The methodology involves a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical material on this subject, as well as formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific cognition were used in the research process: dialectical, terminological, formal and logical, comparative and legal, system and functional methods. Results. The study found that the crisis process observed in the development of the EU has given impetus not only to Euroscepticism, but also to the intensive search for new approaches to the development of European integration. The crisis in the EU stimulates attempts to implement the course on completing the formation of the EMU. Global financial and economic crises have a more significant negative impact on the dynamics of GDP of «outsider countries» compared to «leading countries», and differences between them are increasing as a result. The politicization of international economic relations usually strengthens the position of developed countries and weakens all others, which leads to a similar result. Imperfect policies for the integration of the emigrant population into European society are exacerbating relations between the native population of European countries and immigrants, growing anti-immigrant sentiment and mass protests by Europeans against the migration policies of national governments. Scientific novelty. The study found that most EU leaders are fully aware of the need for structural convergence, namely overcoming structural and cyclical differences among the economies of euro-area countries, as well as the main and secondary risks of divergence as a destructive phenomenon that can disrupt the established social, political, legal and economic order within the EU. Practical significance. Research materials can be used for comparative law studies.

scholarly journals Capitulation and Siyasah Syar’iyah Al-Maliyah Impact on Economic Stability of the 18th & 19th Ottoman Turks

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Desmadi Saharuddin ◽  
Meirison Meirison ◽  
Inayatul Chusna ◽  
Ade Sofyan Mulazid
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Islamic Countries

<p><em></em>Free trade and foreign investment that characterize the 21st Century trade and business model do not benefit all parties, particularly Islamic countries. Only those who have well-established economic system and large capital gain the most benefit. This condition had occurred during the Ottoman Khalifah. Therefore, this article aims to prove that free trade and foreign investment during the Ottoman, in the form of capitulation, brought negative impact on the Ottoman’s economy and politics. Capitulation is an agreement between the Ottoman and Western European countries that regulated economic and legal sectors by giving privilege to the European countries to come and trade in the Ottoman. The Ottoman became a free market place that eliminated the Islamic economic system. The Ottoman saw the agreement as its Siyasah Syar’iyah Al-Maliyah to protect the political sovereignty when facing European countries. Once the agreement benefited the Ottoman, later it caused economic political problems. The domestic industries faced difficulty when competing with foreign trades. The Ottoman government did not have full authority over the law and justice of the Europeans in the Ottoman. The capitulation that was expected by the Ottoman to protect its economy and politics had put the country under the domination of Western Europe. What happened to the Ottoman is proof that the free market is only beneficial to developed countries with active industries. Therefore, this historical fact should be reference for Islamic countries in conducting their foreign economic system.</p>

scholarly journals Loneliness and its Predictors in Lithuania and the European Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gražina Rapolienė ◽  
Vaida Tretjakova
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
International Studies ◽  
European Context ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
History Of

Loneliness as a subjective consequence of social exclusion has a negative impact on both individual and public health, and impedes societal development. Even though Lithuania has one of the highest rates of loneliness among EU countries, it has not been closely studied. This paper presents for the first time the analysis of the prevalence and factors of loneliness in Lithuania, covering all age groups, and provides the European context. Data from the European Social Survey 7th Wave (2014) were analysed using binary logistic regression. Contrary to our expectations, (older) age is not a predictor of loneliness in Lithuania. Lonely people are more likely to be of other nationality than the majority and the main minorities (i.e. not Lithuanian, Russian or Polish); are less likely to live with a spouse or partner, but more likely to live with children in the same household; more often experience serious financial difficulties; have a history of financial instability in their childhood; tend to have poor subjective health. Not having a partner/spouse and lower economic status are well known risk factors of loneliness from previous international studies. In the context of European countries, the share of lonely people in Lithuania is about average and living without a spouse/partner is a common characteristic of loneliness across all countries. However, other factors of loneliness, such as financial difficulties (current and during childhood), living with children in the same household and poor subjective health appear to be more pronounced in Lithuania.

scholarly journals Protection of Economic Rights in Eastern European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 561-572
Author(s):  
Olha Kulynych ◽  
Oksana Kurylina ◽  
Nataliia Serdiuk ◽  
Serhii Bashlai ◽  
Olena Nesterenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Impact

Current problems in the protection of economic rights in Eastern Europe (the impact of the oil industry on the environment and human health, discrimination in employment, including the abuse of the rights of migrant workers and women) determine the potential for economic development. This scientific article based on: qualitative and quantitative methodology; combination of comprehensive and systematic approaches; case method; analysis of statistical indicators. The aim of the research is to analyze the protection of economic rights in Eastern European countries and their negative impact on the lives of citizens. It has been found that in addition to unresolved issues of non-payment of salaries and discrimination against various social groups, these countries have new problems in the field of protection of intellectual property rights through the development of the digital economy. The legal system carefully and slowly integrates the practice of developed countries to provide guarantees for the most vulnerable (women, migrant workers). As a result, Eastern European countries are characterized by slow structural changes in the economy and an average level of GDP per capita. Discrimination, which is characterized by differences, is among the main problems. Discrimination does not ensure equal access for women to all spheres of public life. The revealed connection between gender equality and the economic well-being of the population proves the importance of protecting economic rights as a tool to ensure the formation of a socially oriented market economy. In Eastern European countries, there is no consistent concept of equality regardless of the social-economic characteristics of the citizen. Judicial practice remains quite cautious in sentencing and there are cases of return to formal equality.

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