scholarly journals PREFERENCE FOR UNRELIABLE REINFORCEMENT IN CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDATION: THE ROLE OF CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Lalli ◽  
Benjamin C. Mauro ◽  
F. Charles Mace
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcement

EFFECTS OF ASPHYXIATION OF THE FETUS AND THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-569
Author(s):  
William F. Windle
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Asphyxia Neonatorum

There is pressing need of well controlled clinical evaluation of the role of adverse factors in the prenatal, natal and early postnatal periods in the etiology of neurological disorders. This is particularly true of asphyxia neonatorum. Many articles have been written on relationships between apnea, anoxia or asphyxia and manifestations of mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and othe neurological, psychological and behavioral defects. The majority of the writers express opinions, but give no evidence that data were collected. Controls are commonly lacking. Often no attempt to measure the variables appears to have been made. A review1 of more than 500 reports, commentaries and testimonials of clinical experiences reveals deficiency in basic information of physiology of the fetus and newborn that is nothing short of appalling.

scholarly journals The Role of Mechanical Restraints in the Management of Disturbed Behaviour

1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezzat F. Guirguis ◽  
Henry B. Durost
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Psychiatric Units ◽  
Mechanical Restraints

The use of mechanical restraints for the management of disturbed or violent psychiatric patients continues to be a controversial issue. A survey of their use was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to 370 psychiatric facilities in Canada to which there was a 62.2% response. General hospital psychiatric units, psychiatric hospitals and mental retardation centres accounted for 83.0% (191) of the returns and were the only facilities analyzed. The study showed that the vast majority still use mechanical restraints. The types of restraints in order of frequency of use included posey belts or shirts, isolation room, straps, sheets, strait jackets, wet or dry packs, hydrotherapy, and others. Violent behaviour is the main reason for which restraints are used. Medical orders, recording procedures and staff training in techniques of managing disturbed behaviour are reviewed. An important finding is the significant majority of facilities that have no stated policy permitting or forbidding the use of restraints. The findings are briefly related to Tuke's work in 1882 pointing to similarities in practice. Finally, the authors emphasize the need to deal with this contentious issue in an enlightened manner reflecting modern day demands.

Assessment of Understanding by People Manifesting Mental Retardation: A Preliminary Report

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Coles ◽  
T. T. Freitas ◽  
R. Tweed
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Psychometric Test ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Fitness To Stand Trial

An analysis of the psychological aspects of the legal concept of competency/fitness to stand trial draws attention to the central role of understanding. The rationale of certain basic requirements for the construct validity of a psychometric test of understanding in people with mental retardation is presented, and a test that meets those requirements is described.

scholarly journals The Y chromosome disomy syndrome (47, XYY) in children with mental retardation, deviations of sex development and different genome anomalies: molecular cytogenetic studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
S. G. Vorsanova ◽  
I. V. Solovyev ◽  
O. S. Kurinnaya ◽  
V. S. Kravets ◽  
A. D. Kolotii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Psychomotor Retardation ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Chromosomal Anomalies ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Sex Development

The article present the results of retrospectively analyzed children (4424 boys) with mental and psychomotor retardation, congenital malformations and/or developmental micro anomalies. 23 children had various forms of Y chromosome dysomy syndrome. The frequency of this syndrome in the studied cohort was 0.52%; and in this connection the authors discussed the role of Y-chromosome in the origin of mental retardation. Besides, the chromosome instability in sex and somatic cells is supposed to be a common mechanism of different chromosomal anomalies. The authors discussed the possibility of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic diagnosis, and also clinical polymorphism of the syndrome. The authors established the necessity of molecular cytogenetic technologies in the diagnosis of different forms of the syndrome, including mosaic forms and isodicentric chromosomes-connected forms. The severity of clinical symptoms doesn’t depend on presence of regular or mosaic forms of the syndrome. The study assumes a possible connection of clinical polymorphism with mosaisism, associated with the presence of abnormal cells (cell lines) in different tissues, together with the role of Y chromosome in the origin of mental retardation in children with Y- chromosome disomy syndrome and other chromosomal anomalies. The authors underline the necessity of molecular cytogenetic diagnosis of different forms of the syndrome for correct medical and genetic consultation.

Recommendations for Developmental Monitoring: The Role of Surveillance

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1127-1128
Author(s):  
ROBERT D. CUNNINGHAM
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
The Past ◽  
Well Child Visit ◽  
Child Visit

To the Editor.— Dr Dworkin raises many good points in his review, "British and American Recommendations for Developmental Monitoring: The Role of Surveillance." However, I am skeptical that the concept of "surveillance" is actually different from what physicians have practiced in the past. Dr Dworkin acknowledges "that mild mental retardation is not typically identified until the child is confronted with the cognitive demands of school...," especially when physicians rely on subjective impressions. With the concept of "surveillance," "eyeball" estimates will continue to be made of a child's development; and with each well-child visit and frequently each acute illness visit being of relatively brief duration, I strongly suspect that the overwhelming majority of mildly retarded children will continue to elude detection.

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