NOVEL FEATURES OF AN INDUCIBLE DEFENSE SYSTEM IN LARVAL TREE FROGS (HYLA CHRYSOSCELIS)

Ecology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Inducible Defense ◽  
Hyla Chrysoscelis ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Tree Frogs

Response of loblolly pine to different inoculum doses of Ceratocystis minor, a blue-stain fungus associated with Dendroctonus frontalis

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2093-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Paine ◽  
F. M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Inducible Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Affected Tissue ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ceratocystis Minor

Infection and invasion by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., and its associated fungi stimulate the inducible defense system of loblolly pine and result in production of a hypersensitive-like lesion around the affected tissue. The length of the lesion stimulated by inoculation is not related to the amount of inoculum introduced into the tree, even with an eightfold difference. The extent of the response is greater with large inoculum doses, but that is likely to be a function of initial inoculation wound size.

scholarly journals Parallel changes in mate-attracting calls and female preferences in autotriploid tree frogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1733) ◽  
pp. 1583-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch A. Tucker ◽  
H. C. Gerhardt
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Hyla Versicolor ◽  
Hyla Chrysoscelis ◽  
Female Preferences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Different Origins

For polyploid species to persist, they must be reproductively isolated from their diploid parental species, which coexist at the same time and place at least initially. In a complex of biparentally reproducing tetraploid and diploid tree frogs in North America, selective phonotaxis—mediated by differences in the pulse-repetition (pulse rate) of their mate-attracting vocalizations—ensures assortative mating. We show that artificially produced autotriploid females of the diploid species ( Hyla chrysoscelis ) show a shift in pulse-rate preference in the direction of the pulse rate produced by males of the tetraploid species ( Hyla versicolor ). The estimated preference function is centred near the mean pulse rate of the calls of artificially produced male autotriploids. Such a parallel shift, which is caused by polyploidy per se and whose magnitude is expected to be greater in autotetraploids, may have facilitated sympatric speciation by promoting reproductive isolation of the initially formed polyploids from their diploid parental forms. This process also helps to explain why tetraploid lineages with different origins have similar advertisement calls and freely interbreed.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of early stages of sorghum grain mold disease reveals defense regulators and metabolic pathways associated with resistance

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habte Nida ◽  
Sanghun Lee ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Tesfaye Mengiste
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Inducible Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Grain Mold ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Abstract Background Sorghum grain mold is the most important disease of the crop. The disease results from simultaneous infection of the grain by multiple fungal species. Host responses to these fungi and the underlying molecular and cellular processes are poorly understood. To understand the genetic, molecular and biochemical components of grain mold resistance, transcriptome profiles of the developing grain of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes were studied. Results The developing kernels of grain mold resistant RTx2911 and susceptible RTx430 sorghum genotypes were inoculated with a mixture of fungal pathogens mimicking the species complexity of the disease under natural infestation. Global transcriptome changes corresponding to multiple molecular and cellular processes, and biological functions including defense, secondary metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis were observed with differential regulation in the two genotypes. Genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), regulators of growth and defense homeostasis, antimicrobial peptides, pathogenesis-related proteins, zein seed storage proteins, and phytoalexins showed increased expression correlating with resistance. Notably, SbLYK5 gene encoding an orthologue of chitin PRR, defensin genes SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 exhibited higher expression in the resistant genotype. The SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 genes are tightly linked and transcribed in opposite orientation with a likely common bidirectional promoter. Interestingly, increased expression of JAZ and other transcriptional repressors were observed that suggested the tight regulation of plant defense and growth. The data suggest a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain of sorghum that involves the chitin PRR, MAPKs, key transcription factors, downstream components regulating immune gene expression and accumulation of defense molecules. We propose a model through which the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocynidin phytoalexins, defensins, PR proteins, other antimicrobial peptides, and defense suppressing proteins are regulated by a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain. Conclusions The transcriptome data from a rarely studied tissue shed light into genetic, molecular, and biochemical components of disease resistance and suggested that the developing grain shares conserved immune response mechanisms but also components uniquely enriched in the grain. Resistance was associated with increased expression of genes encoding regulatory factors, novel grain specific antimicrobial peptides including defensins and storage proteins that are potential targets for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Cold and dehydration induce changes in expression of glyceroporin HC3 in three tissues from gray tree frogs Hyla chrysoscelis

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushmita Yaganti ◽  
Ram Naresh Pandey ◽  
James Frisbie ◽  
David L. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Hyla Chrysoscelis ◽  
Tree Frogs

In Shortly about HIV and AIDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinisa Franjic
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Infected Mother ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS in the event of untreated infection. The virus causes the weakness and inability of the organism's defense system. HIV disease is a chronic progressive process that begins with the onset of HIV virus into the body, and over time (in adults over 10 years), a gradual destruction of the immune system occurs. The host during the infection becomes vulnerable and is suffering from complications of opportunistic infections and malignancies. A person infected with HIV feels good until developing AIDS, does not notice any changes in health, and has no specific external signs of infection. The only way to detect infection at this stage is HIV testing. HIV is transmitted: unprotected sexual intercourse with the infected person, exchange of needles, syringes or accessories with infected persons when taking drugs, with infected mother on her baby before, during or after delivery (breastfeeding).

The distributed intelligent defense system

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK ROBINSON ◽  
TIMOTHY GIAMBRA ◽  
PETER KOGGE
Keyword(s):  
Defense System

Aftermath Effect Of GST On Consumer Purchasing Power

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
S. Thowseaf ◽  
M. Ayisha Millath ◽  
K. Malik Ali
Keyword(s):  
Living Standard ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Taxation System

Tax is an important source of income for the country. It is through tax; country strengthens its defense system, infrastructure, and government. Hence, tax system plays a predominant role in developing country’s economy. The complication in taxation system and liberty for taxpayers are key factors generating loopholes for corruption. GST is superior taxation system over VAT but, if neither properly implemented nor scrutinized according to the economy, it is people residing get affected.  GST taxation system is capable of increasing legal transaction, reducing corruption and complexity that exists in current taxation. India is 166th country to adopt GST and GST taxation slab in India is 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.  Although average Tax levied is 14.8750% in India, it is 28% tax that is levied for most of the commodities, which are directly or indirectly used in everyday life of common individuals. Despite, GST being favorable to distributor in-terms of profit and government to attain tax by increasing legal transaction through invoice. It is noted that for the same percentage of taxation, the amount does not vary for VAT and GST. The tax slab decreased for 71 commodities and no change in 21 commodities; there has been an increase in tax slab for 60 commodities. 26% taxation was levied for most commodities considered was currently levied by 28% taxation which is greater than before. It was found that average tax percentage reduced was calculated to be 6.07143. The average tax percentage increase was calculated to be 4.7833 percentage for the considered commodities. The overall tax average tax percentage is estimated to be 14.8750% which does not have a significant difference concerning tax levied before GST, which was calculated to be 15.7829% for considered commodities. Therefore, the consumer purchasing power and overall living standard of the individual in India will remain almost same.

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