scholarly journals Biofuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Dustin Tahisin Gómez Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Observation Window ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels ◽  
The Impact

The overall objective of the article is to characterize trends in biofuel production worldwide. The methodology is qualitative, and the method is of documentary review by matrices with an observation window of the last decade. The main results in reference to the lines of discussion around the production of agrofuel worldwide are from the legislation underpinning the legal environment of trade; secondly, prices; third trade; fourthly production and finally the impact of production on the environment. The main conclusion is that there is scientific evidence that establishes the advantages and disadvantages of biofuel production both economically, socially, politically, and environmentally. One way the agribusiness of biofuels has responded to is through the use of technologies to minimize the effects of production. An example of this is second-generation biofuels. However, there is still a long way to go to say that they are the best choice from the economic, environmental, and social dimensions.

Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review Paper

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Taha ◽  
Tarek Abdel-Salam ◽  
Madhu Vellakal
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
The Impact

Alternative fuels research has been on going for well over many years at a number of institutions. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with the lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed stock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transportation sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol…etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount of petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars, starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second generation biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch. By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and has a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generation biofuels are still in the development stage. Combining higher energy yields, lower requirements for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofuels, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: production, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This paper presents a review of recent literature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection systems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of the fuel injector will be presented.

scholarly journals Digesting the indigestible: Biosynthesis of the plant secondary wall

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Raymond Wightman ◽  
Simon Turner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels ◽  
Biofuel Crops ◽  
Secondary Cell Walls ◽  
Micro Organisms

Biofuels have recently been the subject of intense debate with regard to‘food versus fuel’. Consequently, attention has focused upon so-called ‘second-generation’ biofuels that use alternatives to food-based feedstocks. In the best-developed forms of second-generation biofuels, sugars from starch digestion could be replaced with sugars released from the plant cell walls. This biomass could come from either agricultural residue, such as part of the maize culm, or from purpose grown biofuel crops, such as Miscanthus or Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), that generate huge yields even when grown on marginal land with minimal agricultural inputs. For these and other potential bioenergy crops such as trees, the majority of the plant biomass is composed of woody secondary cell walls. If all cell wall sugars were readily accessible to fermenting micro-organisms, a 5 kg log could theoretically produce up to 2.5 litres of ethanol. The secondary cell walls are frequently the first line of defence against pests and pathogens, as well as providing structure and support for upward plant growth (Figure 1). Consequently, by their very nature, secondary cell walls are designed for strength and to resist degradation. The compact organization of the wall makes its digestion, a process known as saccharification, very difficult so biomass is currently too costly to be a viable feedstock. Knowledge of how the walls are constructed, however, would allow us to efficiently deconstruct them. This article gives an overview of secondary walls and potential modifications expected to be beneficial to improved biofuel production.

scholarly journals Biopaliwa drugiej generacji

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-294
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Biernat
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focus on UE and U.S demands for fuels is given. Main feedstocks and technologies of biofuel production, also second generation biofuels, are describe, there is also presented current situation in fuels stadarization.

Microalgal Biofuels Beat the First and Second Generation Biofuels

2012 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 760-763
Author(s):  
Lian Dong Zhu ◽  
Erkki Hiltunen ◽  
Josu Takala
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
Food Crop Production ◽  
First And Second Generation

Recently biofuels derived from biomass have received increased concerns in an attempt to search for sustainable development. The first and second generation biofuels are unsustainable since the growth of these food or non-food crops for biofuel generation will compete for limited arable farmlands, thus increasing the risks on food availability. Microalgal biofuels, known as the third generation biofuels, have the potential for sustainable production in an economically effective manner. The advantages of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock are many, for instance, high photosynthesis efficiency, high oil content and noncompetition with food crop production on farmlands. Microalgae can be employed for the production of biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, among others. The integrated biorefinery approach has huge potential to greatly improve the economics of biofuel production from microalgae. However, the production of microalgal biofuels is still at pre-commercial stages since it is expensive to produce substantial amount of biofuels at a large scale. Despite this, microalgae are still the most promising and best feedstock available for the biofuels. Biotechnology advances including genetic and metabolic engineering, well-funded R&D researches and policy support can make microalgal biofuels have a bright future.

The Management of Post-Tonsillectomy Morbidity in Patients With Sleep Apnoea

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 3738-3740
Keyword(s):  
Day Surgery ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Multicenter Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Surgery Center

The Tonsillectomy in children or adults is an intervention commonly encountered in the ENT (Ear Nose and Throat) and Head and Neck surgeon practice. The current tendency is to perform this type of surgery in major ambulatory surgery centers. Two objectives are thus pursued: first of all, the increase of the patient quality of life through the reintegration into the family as quickly as possible and secondly, the expenses associated with continuous hospitalization are reduced. Any tertiary (multidisciplinary) sleep center must ensure the complete diagnosis and treatment (including surgery) of sleep respiratory disorders. Under these conditions the selection of patients and especially the implementation of the specific protocols in order to control the postoperative complications it becomes essential. The present paper describes our experience of tonsillectomy as treatment for selected patients with chronic rhonchopathy (snoring) and mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea. It was presented the impact of antibiotics protocols in reducing the main morbid outcomes following tonsillectomy, in our day surgery center. The obtained results can also be a prerequisite for the integrative approach of the patients with sleep apnoea who were recommended surgical treatment. Considering the wide range of therapeutic modalities used in sleep apnoea, each with its specific advantages and disadvantages, more extensive and multicenter studies are needed. Keywords: post-tonsillectomy morbidity, day surgery center, sleep disorders

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
. A Broad look at the Adaptation of Technology in Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Vladislav Ilin
Keyword(s):  
Technology In Education ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Standardized Method ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Technology in education is a global phenomenon affecting learners of all ages. The breadth and variety of available tools make it difficult to implement a standardized method for assessing the impact of technology on learning. The lack of a consensus on good and bad practices results in inconsistent application and mixed learning results.   This article takes a look at the adaptation of technology to education and examines the various tools used to enhance learning. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using technology, as well as review methodologies for evaluating the impact.   The essay concludes by identifying several problems with the way technology is evaluated and offers suggestions for further research to address those problems.

AN ECONOMIC STUDY FOR THE IMPACT OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION EXPANSION

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-260
Author(s):  
I. S. Ali ◽  
A. M. Taryal ◽  
S. A. Abou-El Naga ◽  
M. M. Abd-El Menem
Keyword(s):  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
The Impact

Unfunded Public Employee Health Care Benefits and GASB No. 45

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Keating ◽  
Eric S. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Employment Benefits ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Government Accounting ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) recently released Statement No. 45, Accounting and Financial Reporting by Employers for Post-Employment Benefits Other Than Pensions and its companion Statement No. 43 for pooled stand-alone health care plans, which will profoundly affect American governmental finance. The goal of this article is to encourage governments to consider carefully a full range of options in funding and restructuring other post-employment benefits (OPEB). This article will review Statement No. 45's potential impact on governments and review existing disclosures in financial reports as well as bond offering statements. The article will discuss the statement's impact on budgets and governmental operations, including collective bargaining. Funding options under Statement No. 45 will be detailed, including the advantages and disadvantages of irrevocable trusts and OPEB bonds. The article will also discuss the impact of Medicare Part D subsidies received by governments, as well as the bond rating implications of policy decisions surrounding OPEB. As the largest government entities are just now implementing GASB Statement No. 45, estimates of the magnitude of unfunded OPEB liabilities are limited as are the strategies likely to be adopted to cover these obligations. This article offers a summary of the unfunded OPEB liabilities reported by states and major cities and suggests some measures for assessing the ability of these entities to address these costs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document