Assessment of Maturity over Seasons using Various Indices in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sangeetha Vishnuprabha ◽  
PL Viswanathan ◽  
S. Manonmani ◽  
L. Rajendran ◽  
T. Selvakumar
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Maturity Index ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Seed Hull ◽  
Correct Date ◽  
Correct Data

Background: Groundnut is a crop with puzzling nature of maturity. The ability to determine the correct data of harvest in groundnut is strongly affecting factor of the economic return from the crop. Among the different methodologies suggested for calculating the maturity index in groundnut, those which could be used at field level and with ease includes: shell out method, seed hull ratio maturity index, hull scrape method and maturity profile board (MPB) method. The present study was taken up to evaluate the efficiency of these methods in determining the maturity duration.Methods: The maturity indices were calculated in the varieties CO 7, ICGV 07222, VRI 6, VRI 8, GPBD 4, VRI 3, Chico, Gangapuri, ICGV 91114 and ICGV 93468 cultivated during 2018-19, at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Result: In shell out and hull scrape method maturity indices ranging from 70-80% and in Seed hull ratio maturity index the range 2.9-3.6 revealed the highest number of matured pods with maximum weight. The correlation study results showed highest efficacy of hull scrape method in predicting the correct date of harvest in groundnut. The method establishes that the colour of mesocarp exactly reveals maturity status of groundnut pods. Thus, maturity index in groundnut is more reliable when calculated by hull scrape method. In case when the maturity index is below 70% the pods could be arranged on a maturity profile board (MPB) to determine the days until digging.

scholarly journals The Seed-Hull Weight Ratio as an Index of Peanut Maturity1,2

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold E. Pattee ◽  
Johnny C. Wynne ◽  
James H. Young ◽  
Fred R. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Maturity Index ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Seed Hull ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A simple, quantitative method was developed to determine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) maturity. The method is based on the changing seed-hull weight ratio during maturation of the fruit. The ratio or maturity index was determined for fresh as well as air-dried pods, and these ratios correlated well with a physiological maturity index. The relationship between arginine maturity index and the air-dried seed-hull maturity index (DMI) was also determined, and the two indexes were negatively correlated. The DMI values across nine planting and eight harvest dates over a 2-year period showed that DMI could be applied to estimate average peanut seed maturity under field harvest conditions. The two peanut varieties tested, Florigiant and Florunner, were found to differ in maxmum DMI values. The study also showed that peanut seed weight increased with maturity then decreased after full maturity.

Peanut Maturity Method Evaluations. I. Southeast

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Sanders ◽  
E. J. Williams ◽  
A. M. Schubert ◽  
H. E. Pattee
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Maturity Index ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Optimum Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Maturity Method ◽  
Seed Hull

Abstract Arginine maturity index, methanol extract, shellout, and seed-hull maturity index methods of determining peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) maturity were compared. Peanuts from four planting dates in 1978 were used. The comparisons showed that some of the methods are affected by date of planting and environmental factors, such as drought stress. Under the conditions of this test, the seed-hull maturity index and shellout were the most consistent indicators of the optimum yield period in 1978.

scholarly journals Water resilience mapping of Chennai, India using analytical hierarchy process

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kaaviya ◽  
V. Devadas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Decision Matrix ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Chennai City ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Abstract Background The urban water system is the worst hit in global climate change. Water resilience is the system’s ability to retaliate and recover from various water-related disruptions. The present study aims to delineate the water resilience zones in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India, by effectively integrating the geographic information system, remote sensing, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Methods The methodology incorporated 15 vital factors. A multi-criteria decision analysis technique was adopted to assign a weight to each parameter using the AHP. A pairwise decision matrix was constructed, parameter’s relative importance and the consistency ratio were established. Integration of all maps by weighted overlay analysis technique depicted water resilience intensities of five different classes. Results Very low, low and moderate water resilience areas accounted for more than three-fourth of the study area. Area Under Curve score (80.12%) depicted the accuracy of the developed model. Sensitivity analysis determined the significance of the parameters in the delineation. The logical structural approach can be employed in other parts of India or elsewhere with modifications. Conclusion This study is novel in its approach by holistically analyzing water resilience by integrating disruptions related to flood, drought and the city's water infrastructure system's adequacy and efficiency. Researchers and planners can effectively use the study results to ensure resilience as a new perspective on effective water resource management and climate change mitigation. It becomes a decision aid mechanism identifying where the system is vulnerable to potential water-related risks for employing resilience measures.

Peanut yield and quality variation over harvest dates, and evaluation of some maturity indices in south-eastern Queensland

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Shorter ◽  
BW Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Kernel Yield

Yield and quality variations across harvest dates in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown under rainfed conditions in south-eastern Queensland in 1978-79 and 1980-81 were investigated. Free arginine percentage of kernels, kernel: hull weight ratio, shell-out percentage, mean individual kernel weight and kernel moisture percentage were monitored during crop development to assess their usefulness as indices of crop maturity. For the Virginia Bunch cultivar, kernel yield ranged from 1862 kg ha-1 at 133 days after sowing (DAS) to 2432 kg ha-l at 168 DAS in 1978-79 and from 687 kg ha-l at 201 DAS to 1618 kg ha-1 at 152 DAS in 1980-81. In both years kernel yield and crop value for Virginia Bunch exhibited bimodal responses to delayed harvesting, with maximum values being obtained at about 150 and 170 DAS. These responses tended to be associated with rainfall distribution and available soil moisture during flowering. None of the maturity indices investigated was sensitive enough to detect the 2 peaks for yield or crop value and therefore would be of no use in determining optimum harvest periods for Virginia Bunch. Red Spanish and White Spanish cultivars, evaluated in 1978-79, produced average kernel yields of 1777 kg ha-l and 1535 kg ha-1 respectively. For these cultivars, differences in yield and crop value over harvest dates were not significant. Although kernel yields did not increase after 133 DAS, the decline in free arginine percentage and the increase in the kerne1:hull weight ratio during the season suggested that these indices may be useful indicators of optimum maturity for spanish-type cultivars.

Internal Pericarp Color as a Subjective Maturity Index for Peanut Breeding1

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Gilman ◽  
O. D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Maturity Index ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Sophisticated Equipment ◽  
Pericarp Color

Abstract Fruit of 10 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes differing in botanical type and geographical source were evaluated to establish parameters for making reliable maturity determinations on the basis of internal pericarp color (IPC), and to compare the IPC, kernel density (KD) and arginine maturity index (AMI) methods of estimating peanut maturity. Kernels from fruits with detectable, non-disease related internal pericarp darkening were significantly lower in density than kernels from fruits without internal pericarp darkening. No difference in density was detected between kernels from fruits differing in intensity of internal pericarp darkening. In general, two-seeded fruits with detectable non-disease related darkening in at least one orbital of the pericarp were mature, whereas fruits with no internal pericarp darkening were immature. Mature fruit percentages were determined on sample sizes of 25, 50, 75, and 100 fruits. Although standard errors were consistently high for 25-fruit samples, means and standard errors were similar for sample sizes of 50, 75, and 100 fruits, indicating that estimates based on 50-fruit samples were reliable. Post-harvest stability of IPC was evaluated from determinations made on five dates at 30-day intervals. IPC did not change sufficiently during the 120 day period to affect the maturity estimates. Kernel samples classified as mature by the IPC method were significantly lower in density and free arginine content than kernels classified as immature. Correlations among maturity estimates using the IPC, KD and AMI methods were highly significant, with all coefficients exceeding 0.95. The results indicate that peanut samples can be evaluated reliably for maturity by subjective classification of IPC. Maturity estimates on the basis of IPC were as effective as those determined using either the KD or AMI methods. The IPC method requires no sophisticated equipment and it is simple, rapid and nonsacrificial which makes it particularly useful in breeding programs involving large numbers of maturity determinations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of standardization capability of current cardiac troponin I assays by a correlation study: results of an IFCC pilot project

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian R. Tate ◽  
David M. Bunk ◽  
Robert H. Christenson ◽  
Julian H. Barth ◽  
Alexey Katrukha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Troponin ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Measurement Equivalence ◽  
Method Comparison ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Cardiac Troponin I ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Study Results

AbstractAs a part of an International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) project to prepare a commutable reference material for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a pilot study evaluated current cTnI assays for measurement equivalence and their standardization capability.cTnI-positive samples collected from 90 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction were assessed for method comparison by 16 cTnI commercial assays according to predefined testing protocols. Seven serum pools prepared from these samples were also assessed.Each assay was assessed against median cTnI concentrations measured by 16 cTnI assays using Passing-Bablok regression analysis of 79 patient samples with values above each assay’s declared detection limit. We observed a 10-fold difference in cTnI concentrations for lowest to highest measurement results. After mathematical recalibration of assays, the between-assay variation for patient samples reduced on average from 40% to 22% at low cTnI concentration, 37%–20% at medium concentration, and 29%–14% at high concentration. The average reduction for pools was larger at 16%, 13% and 7% for low, medium and high cTnI concentrations, respectively. Overall, assays demonstrated negligible bias after recalibration (y-intercept: –1.4 to 0.3 ng/L); however, a few samples showed substantial positive and/or negative differences for individual cTnI assays.All of the 16 commercial cTnI assays evaluated in the study demonstrated a significantly higher degree of measurement equivalence after mathematical recalibration, indicating that measurement harmonization or standardization would be effective at reducing inter-assay bias. Pooled sera behaved similarly to individual samples in most assays.

scholarly journals Occupational Stress among Nurses of tertiary Care Hospitals in Tiruvarur

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sasikala ◽  
Dr.G. Ramu
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Probability Method ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Related Stress

Stress is physiological and psychological response towards any occurrences. It is very much vitalto learn about occupational stress because as it deters health and decreases the quality of work of nurses. The main objective was to determine prevalence, intensity and causes of occupational stress among nurses.Hospital based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from January to November 2017 at two tertiary care teaching hospitals of Tiruvarur. The study was carried out on 265 registered nurses, having valid license by Tamil Nadu Nursing Council. Convenient non-probability method was used to access subjects. After taking consent, semi-structured and pre-tested occupational stress questionnaire was used to obtain the data. The study results revealed that majority of nurses 125 (47.2%) were between 25 to 30 years of age.Maximum ratio of nurses were female 160(60.4%) and out of them 148(55.8%) were married. Two hundredand one (75.8%) were diploma holders in nursing, while only 2(0.8%) had done their master in nursing. Thestudy participants reported to suffer with job related stress; mild stress 2.0%, moderate stress 36.5% and severe61.5%.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in India: transmission dynamics, epidemiological characteristics, testing, recovery and effect of weather

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnab Chanda
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Infection Spread

Abstract The spread of COVID-19 is recent in India, which has within 4 months caused over 190 000 infections, as of 1 June 2020, despite four stringent lockdowns. With the current rate of the disease transmission in India, which is home to over 1.35 billion people, the infection spread is predicted to be worse than the USA in the upcoming months. To date, there is a major lack of understanding of the transmission dynamics and epidemiological characteristics of the disease in India, inhibiting effective measures to control the pandemic. We collected all the available data of the individual patients, cases and a range of parameters such as population distribution, testing and healthcare facilities, and weather, across all Indian states till May 2020. Numerical analysis was conducted to determine the effect of each parameter on the COVID-19 situation in India. A significant amount of local transmission in India initiated with travellers returning from abroad. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Delhi are currently the top three infected states in India with doubling time of 14.5 days. The average recovery rate across Indian states is 42%, with a mortality rate below 3%. The rest 55% are currently active cases. In total, 88% of the patients experienced symptoms of high fever, 68% suffered from dry cough and 7.1% patients were asymptomatic. In total, 66.8% patients were males, 73% were in the age group of 20–59 years and over 83% recovered in 11–25 days. Approximately 3.4 million people were tested between 1 April and 25 May 2020, out of which 4% were detected COVID-19-positive. Given the current doubling time of infections, several states may face a major shortage of public beds and healthcare facilities soon. Weather has minimal effect on the infection spread in most Indian states. The study results will help policymakers to predict the trends of the disease spread in the upcoming months and devise better control measures.

The Seed Hull Maturity Index as an Estimator of Yield and Value of Virginia-type Peanuts1

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Harold E. Pattee ◽  
Francis G. Giesbrecht ◽  
James W. Dickens ◽  
Johnny C. Wynne ◽  
James H. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Maturity Index ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Value Estimation ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Seed Hull ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract The Seed Hull Maturity Index (SHMI) is a low cost maturity estimation method which has been shown to be correlated to yield and value per hectare using short term studies. To test the relationship of SHMI to yield and value on a long term basis, an equation was developed for deriving SHMI from 9 years of market grade information. Comparison of observed and derived SHMI values produced an R of 0.93. Among the cultivars used only Florigiant, NC6, and NC7 are either major commercial cultivars or cultivars being evaulated commercially. The data from this study confirmed that SHMI optimum values must be determined for each cultivar of interest. SHMI was shown to best estimate value per hectare. The value estimation equations for Florigiant and NC6 are given. The SHMI at which maximum value occurs is 3.0 for Florigiant and 3.1 for NC6. The SHMI at which maximum yield occurs is 2.7 for both cultivars.

EFFECT OF HARVEST DATE ON AGRONOMIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ONTARIO PEANUTS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM A. COURT ◽  
ROBERT C. ROY ◽  
JOHN G. HENDEL
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Seed Hull

A field experiment was conducted in 1980 and 1981, on Fox loamy sand, to study the influence of five successive harvest dates on the agronomic and chemical characteristics of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in Ontario. A spanish type (cv. Comet) and a valencia type (cv. McRan) were examined. Delaying harvest increased yield, sound mature kernels, seed-hull ratio, oil content and the economic return. Crude protein tended to be higher in the immature peanuts but the iodine number and oil stability showed larger differences between cultivars than among harvest dates. Cultivar differences were also apparent for the fatty acids, and more mature peanuts tended to be higher in oleic acid and lower in palmitic, behenic and lignoceric acids.Key words: Peanuts, valencia, spanish, harvest dates, yield, maturity, quality

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