Legumes: Potential source of entomotoxic proteins- A review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sagar ◽  
Heena Dhall
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
World Population ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Endogenous Defense

To meet the food demand of the ever-expanding world population there is a need for research and development for protecting crops against insect pests and pathogens. The way could be exploring the plant’s own defense mechanism by manipulating the expression of their endogenous defense proteins or introducing an insect control gene derived from another plants. The wild and resistant gene pools are the potential source of beneficial gene that offers considerable resistance to the insect pests. Insecticidal proteins viz., lectins, a-amylase inhibitor, urease, protease inhibitor, arcelins and cyclotides present in the seeds of pulses, especially in wild and resistance germplasms have been suggested to play a major role in insect resistance which are considered as most promising weapons that confer resistance against insects and which will be eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. Thus, it is very important to characterize these proteins and their encoding genes so that they can be used as viable means of producing pest resistant transgenic crops. This review deals with the biochemical features and mechanism of action of legume insecticidal proteins involved in defense mechanism against insect pests.

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO GENETICS IN AGRICULTURE

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Protoplast Culture ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
World Population ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Plant Breeding Systems ◽  
Established Plant

The problems of feeding a rapidly expanding world population with decreasing arable land resources are placing increasing demands on our genetic resources and the plant breeders who exploit them. Innovative or novel genetic approaches may provide solutions to some of the problems of genetic analysis and the development of additional genetic variability in plants. The present status of techniques such as wide crossing, DNA feeding, tissue, cell and protoplast culture and somatic cell hybridisation is discussed. Plant tissue culture procedures may enable us to expand the gene pools for disease and pest resistance, greater tolerance to environmental stress, increased quality or possibly to develop new plant types. However, the utility of innovative procedures will require a rigorous evaluation of their potential and limitations, and the ability to produce material which can be readily introgressed into established plant breeding systems.

scholarly journals Repellency Mechanism of Natural Guar Gum-Based Film Incorporated with Citral against Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 758
Author(s):  
Xiubing Gao ◽  
Xianfeng Hu ◽  
Feixu Mo ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Or Gene

Using of plant essential oil that coevolved as a defense mechanism against agriculture insects is an alternative means of controlling many insect pests. In order to repel brown planthoppers (BPHs), the most notorious rice insect pest, a new film based on guar gum incorporated with citral (GC film) was formulated, which was effective while being environmentally friendly. In this paper, the effect and mechanism of GC film repellency against BPHs were determined. Repellent activity test and olfactory reaction analysis showed that GC film had repellency effect against BPHs, with repellency of 60.00% and 73.93%, respectively. The result of olfactory reaction indicated that GC film repellency against BPHs relied on smell. EPG analysis showed the proportion and mean duration of np waveform were significantly higher than in CK and increased following the treatment concentration, which indicated that GC film affected the recognition of BPHs to rice. Further analysis by RNA sequencing analysis showed a total of 679 genes were significantly upregulated and 284 genes were significantly downregulated in the BPHs fed on the rice sprayed with GC film compared to control. Odorant-binding protein (OBP) gene 797 and gustatory receptor gene (GR)/odorant receptor (OR) gene 13110 showed a significant decrease in differential expression and significant increase in differential expression, respectively. There were 0.66 and 2.55 differential expression multiples between treated BPHs and control, respectively. According to the results described above, we reasoned that GC film repellency against BPHs due to smell, by release of citral, caused the recognition difficulties for BPHs to rice, and OBP gene 797 and GR/OR gene 13110 appeared to be the crucial candidate genes for GC film repellency against BPHs. The present study depicted a clear and consistent repellency effect for GC film against BPHs and preliminarily clarified the mechanism of GC film as a repellent against BPHs, which might offer an alternative approach for control of BPHs in the near future. Our results could also help in the development and improvement of GC films.

scholarly journals A General Approach to Test for Interaction Among Mixtures of Insecticidal Proteins Which Target Different Orders of Insect Pests

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerson Graser ◽  
Frederick S Walters ◽  
Andrea Burns ◽  
Alaina Sauve ◽  
Alan Raybould
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins

Evaluation of Insecticidal Proteins of Microbial and Plant Origin Against Insect Pests of Rice

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
J. S. Bentur ◽  
N. P. Sarma ◽  
Raj Bhatnagar ◽  
C. V. Sudha ◽  
D. Sivaprasad
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins

scholarly journals Nano-Biopesticides as an Emerging Technology for Pest Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Hazafa ◽  
Muhammad Murad ◽  
Muhammad Umer Masood ◽  
Shahid Bilal ◽  
Muhammad Nasir Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Field Application ◽  
World Population ◽  
Insect Management ◽  
Plant Safety ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Safe Food

With an increasing world population, the demand for quality food is rising. To meet safe food demand, it is necessary to double or maybe triple agriculture production. Annually, almost 25% of the world crop is destroyed due to pests. During the past few decades, different pesticides, including chemical, synthetic, biological, and botanical have been adopted to achieve adequate results against pests for agriculture interests and plant safety. Globally, more than 200,000 people died every year due to direct chemical and synthetic pesticides poisoning. But these pesticides did not achieve the desired results due to delivery problems, less stability, low biodegradability, less specificity, and high cost. To overcome these problems, the rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology is considered an important achievement in the agriculture sectors in order to improve pest mortality rates and crop production. The nano-biopesticides attained special attention against the insect pests due to their small size (1-100 nm), large surface area, high stability, cost-effectiveness, fever toxicity, and easy field application. The current chapter highlights the relevance of nano-biopesticides for pest insect management on several crops of agricultural concern. The mechanisms of action, delivery, and environmental sustainability of nano-biopesticides are also discussed in the present chapter.

Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Potential Source for Biological Control of Insect Pests

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-250
Author(s):  
Anjney Sharma ◽  
Ankit Srivastava ◽  
Awadhesh K. Shukla ◽  
Kirti Srivastava ◽  
Alok Kumar Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Potential Source

scholarly journals Induction of defense in cereals by 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid suppresses insect pest populations and increases crop yields in the field

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (22) ◽  
pp. 12017-12028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanwan Wang ◽  
Pengyong Zhou ◽  
Xiaochang Mo ◽  
Lingfei Hu ◽  
Nuo Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Sogatella Furcifera ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Increase Crop Yield

Synthetic chemical elicitors, so called plant strengtheners, can protect plants from pests and pathogens. Most plant strengtheners act by modifying defense signaling pathways, and little is known about other mechanisms by which they may increase plant resistance. Moreover, whether plant strengtheners that enhance insect resistance actually enhance crop yields is often unclear. Here, we uncover how a mechanism by which 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid (4-FPA) protects cereals from piercing-sucking insects and thereby increases rice yield in the field. Four-FPA does not stimulate hormonal signaling, but modulates the production of peroxidases, H2O2, and flavonoids and directly triggers the formation of flavonoid polymers. The increased deposition of phenolic polymers in rice parenchyma cells of 4-FPA-treated plants is associated with a decreased capacity of the white-backed planthopper (WBPH)Sogatella furciferato reach the plant phloem. We demonstrate that application of 4-PFA in the field enhances rice yield by reducing the abundance of, and damage caused by, insect pests. We demonstrate that 4-FPA also increases the resistance of other major cereals such as wheat and barley to piercing-sucking insect pests. This study unravels a mode of action by which plant strengtheners can suppress herbivores and increase crop yield. We postulate that this represents a conserved defense mechanism of plants against piercing-sucking insect pests, at least in cereals.

scholarly journals Promising approaches to the search for fungal metabolites for management of arthropod pests

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-27
Author(s):  
A. O. Berestetskiy* ◽  
G. R. Lednev ◽  
Q. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins ◽  
Subsequent Activation ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
New Compounds

Biorational insecticides of natural origin, such as avermectins, spinosins, azadirachtin and afidopyropen, are increasingly used in agriculture. The present paper reviews modern ecological, genomic, and biotechnological approaches to the search for new compounds with insecticidal properties (entomotoxic, antifeedant, and hormonal) produced by fungi of various ecological groups (entomopathogens, soil saprotrophs, endophytes, phytopathogens, and mushrooms). The literature survey showed that insecticidal metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi had not been sufficiently studied, and the majority of well-characterized compounds had showed moderate insecticidal activity. The greatest number of substances with insecticidal properties was found to be produced by soil fungi, mainly from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Metabolites with insecticidal and antifeedant properties were also found in endophytic and phytopathogenic fungi. Low sensitivity of insect pests of stored products (in particular, of grain) to mycotoxins was recorded. Mushrooms were found to be promising producers of antifeedant compounds as well as insecticidal proteins. It is possible to increase the number of substances with insecticidal properties detected in fungi not only by extension of the screening range but also by exploitation of diverse bioassay sytems and model insect species. Mining genomes for secondary metabolite gene clusters and secreted proteins with their subsequent activation by various methods allows for better understanding of the biosynthetic potential of the prospective strains. Efficacy of these studies can be increased with high-throughput techniques of fungal metabolites extraction and further analysis using chromatography and mass spectrometry. Insecticidal proteins detected in fungi can be used in the technologies for development of transgenic plant varieties resistant to pests, or hypervirulent bioinsecticides.

scholarly journals Cry75Aa (Mpp75Aa) Insecticidal Proteins for Controlling the Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Isolated from the Insect Pathogenic Bacteria Brevibacillus laterosporus.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bowen ◽  
Yong Yin ◽  
Stanislaw Flasinski ◽  
Catherine Chay ◽  
Gregory Bean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins ◽  
Brevibacillus Laterosporus

This study describes three closely related proteins, cloned from Brevibacillus laterosporus strains, that are lethal upon feeding to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, the western corn rootworm (WCR). Mpp75Aa1, Mpp75Aa2 and Mpp75Aa3 were toxic to WCR larvae when fed purified protein. Transgenic plants expressing each mMpp75Aa protein were protected from feeding damage and showed significant reduction in adult emergence from infested plants by both susceptible and Cry3Bb1 and Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1-resistant WCR. These results demonstrate that proteins from B. laterosporus are as efficacious as the well-known Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins in controlling major insect pests such as WCR. The deployment of transgenic maize expressing mMpp75Aa along with other active molecules lacking cross-resistance have the potential to be a useful tool for control of WCR populations resistant to current Bt traits. IMPORTANCE Insects feeding on roots of crops can damage the plant roots resulting in yield loss due to poor water and nutrient uptake and plant lodging. In maize the western corn rootworm (WCR) can cause severe damage to the roots resulting in significant economic loss for farmers. Genetically modified (GM) expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insect control proteins, has provided a solution for control of these pests. In recent years populations of WCR resistant to the Bt proteins in commercial GM maize have emerged. There is a need to develop new insecticidal traits for the control of WCR populations resistant to current commercial traits. New proteins with commercial level efficacy on WCR from sources other than Bt are becoming more critical. The Mpp75Aa proteins, from B. laterosporus, when expressed in maize, are efficacious against the resistant populations of WCR and have the potential to provide solutions for control of resistant WCR.

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