scholarly journals Problems and possibilities of studying malting quality in barley using molecular genetic approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
N. V. Trubacheeva ◽  
L. A. Pershina
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Growing Conditions

About one-third of the world’s barley crop is used for malt production to meet the needs of the brewing industry. In this regard, the study of the genetic basis of malting quality traits and the breeding of malting barley varieties that are adaptive to their growing conditions are relevant throughout the world, particularly in the Russian Federation, where the cultivation and use of foreign malting varieties of barley prevails. The main parameters of malting quality (artificially germinated and dried barley grains) are malt extract, diastatic power, Kolbach index, viscosity, grain protein, wort β-glucan, free amino nitrogen, and soluble protein content. Most of these components are under the control of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and are affected by environmental conditions, which complicates their study and precise localization. In addition, the phenotypic assessment of malting quality traits requires elaborate, expensive phenotypic analyses. Currently, there are more than 200 QTLs associated with malting parameters, which were identified using biparental mapping populations. Molecular markers are widely used both for mapping QTL loci responsible for malting quality traits and for performing marker-assisted selection (MAS), which, in combination with conventional breeding, makes it possible to create effective strategies aimed at accelerating the process of obtaining new promising genotypes. Nevertheless, the MAS of malting quality traits faces a series of difficulties, such as the low accuracy of localization of QTLs, their ineffectiveness when transferred to another genetic background, and linkage with undesirable traits, which makes it necessary to validate QTLs and the molecular markers linked to them. This review presents the results of studies that used MAS to improve the malting quality of barley, and it also considers studies that searched for associations between genotype and phenotype, carried out using GWAS (genome-wide association study) approaches based on the latest achievements of high-throughput genotyping (diversity array technology (DArT) and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs)).

Are temperature effects on weight and quality of barley grains modified by resource availability?

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria S. Passarella ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilisation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Source Sink

Under field conditions the occurrence of brief periods of moderately high (30–32°C) and very high temperatures (>35°C) is quite common during grain filling in small-grain cereals. These events occur under a wide range of different management and environmental conditions, such as different nitrogen supplies and source–sink ratios after flowering. The objective of the present work was to study whether the effect of a brief heat stress is modified by resource availability for the growing grains. We subjected spikes of barley 10 days after flowering to a heat treatment in factorial combination with different nitrogen availabilities and source–sink ratios during post-flowering to determine effects on grain weight and major malting quality attributes. Grain weight and screening percentage (proportion of grains <2.5 mm) were reduced by the mild heat stress. However, the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the nitrogen fertilisation and the source–sink treatments in which the heat stress was imposed. Grain protein and β-glucan percentages were increased by both nitrogen fertilisation and heat stress. Again, the magnitude of the increase was dependent upon the availability of resources. There was a trend to reduce malt extract in all treatments with respect to the control, but the reduction was only statistically significant with heat stress.

Coincident quantitative trait loci effects for dormancy, water sensitivity and malting quality traits in the BCD47×Baronesse barley mapping population

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Julio Castro ◽  
Andrea Benitez ◽  
Patrick M. Hayes ◽  
Luis Viega ◽  
Les Wright
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Qtl Effects

A degree of seed dormancy (SD) is required for malting barley varieties in Uruguay, and many other parts of the world, in order to prevent pre-harvest sprouting. Water sensitivity (WS) (a decrease in germination under excess water) is a related trait that can create problems at the malthouse. Both traits are affected by environmental conditions during grain filling. We used a population of 100 doubled haploid lines derived from the cross BCD47 × Baronesse to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting SD, WS, and malting quality traits. Preliminary experiments revealed that BCD47 has low SD and Baronesse has high SD. WS for these accessions was not known before this research. A major SD QTL – detected in four experiments – is on chromosome 5H, with BCD47 contributing the low dormancy allele. Four other regions with QTL effects for SD were mapped, but these QTL were significant in data from only one or two environments. Four regions were detected with QTL effects for WS, but only two – in 5H coincident with the SD QTL, and 3H – were significant in more than one environment. SD and WS were affected by the average temperature at the end of the grain-filling period, with higher temperatures associated with lower values for SD. At the same region on 5H where SD and WS QTL were detected, we found significant QTL for malt extract, α-amylase activity, β-glucans, FAN, Kolbach index, wort turbidity and protein content, with BCD47 contributing favourable alleles for all traits. These results underscore the importance of environmental effects on both SD and WS as well as the difficulties of combining good malting quality with adequate levels of SD and WS.

scholarly journals Genetic variation among selected pure lines from Turkish barley landrace ‘Tokak’ in yield-related and malting quality traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e0702-e0702
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Saygili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Barley Landrace ◽  
Thousand Seed Weight

Aim of study: Improvement of barley cultivars for malting traits suffers from narrow genetic pool in barley for these traits. Landraces are resources that could be used for this purpose. The present study was conducted to determine the variation for malting quality traits within a Turkish barley landrace. Area of study: The study was undertaken in Tokat, a province in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Material and methods: Twenty-five diverse lines, out of 42 unique genotypes previously identified in ‘Tokak’ landrace (PI 470281) based on DNA markers, were evaluated for malting quality traits along with the malting barley cv. ‘Tokak 157/37’ in four field trials. Thousand-seed weight, test weight, grain yield, lodging, malt extract percentage, diastatic power, alpha amylase and malt beta glucanase activities, malt protein and starch contents were determined. Main results: Principal component analysis of malting quality traits revealed that thousand-seed weight, alpha amylase activity, beta glucanase activity and diastatic power were the most discriminatory traits for the lines. As the average of four trials, 15 of the 25 lines evaluated had higher grain yields and 10 of 25 lines had higher malt extract percentages than the standard cultivar ‘Tokak 157/37’. Malt extract was highest in Line 59 in all environments, and this line also had the highest values for beta glucanase activity and starch content. Line 215 had highest values for alpha amylase activity. Lines 59 and 215 clearly had superior malting quality. Research highlights: These lines could harbor novel alleles for these traits to be used in malting barley improvement.

COMPARISON OF HILL AND ROW PLOTS FOR AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY TRAITS IN SPRING MALTING BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.)

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. TRAGOONRUNG ◽  
P. M. HAYES ◽  
B. L. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Hill Plot ◽  
Hill Plots

Provided they reliably predict row plot performance, hill plots should be useful for doubled haploid recurrent selection in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The primary objective of this research was to compare hill and row plot expression of agronomic and malting quality traits in an array of elite spring habit barley germplasm grown under irrigated conditions. A supporting objective was to identify an appropriate seeding rate for hill plot evaluation. Eight-replicate hill plots at four seeding rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 seeds per hill) were compared with adjacent four-replicate row plots in each of three environments. Genotype and genotype × environment interactions were significant for most agronomic traits in both plot types. Significant, linear genotype responses to hill plot seeding rates were observed for most agronomic traits. Seeding rate had no consistent effect on the expression of malting quality. The percentage of lines in common in the two plot types at 25 and 50% selection intensities was the most useful comparison statistic and indicated hill plot selection should be effective for most agronomic and malting quality traits. Although yield heritability estimates were consistently high in both hill and row plots, there was little relationship between trait expression in the two plot types. Differential tillering in response to hill plot competition is likely responsible. A seeding rate of 10 seeds per hill should be appropriate in preliminary screening for traits amenable to hill plot selection in irrigated spring habit malting barley.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., malting quality, breeding methods, barley

scholarly journals Natural variations in the P-type ATPase heavy metal transporter ZmCd1 controlling cadmium accumulation in maize grains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Tang ◽  
Meijie Luo ◽  
Yunxia Zhang ◽  
Huanle Guo ◽  
Jingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Natural Variations ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
P Type

SummaryCadmium (Cd) accumulation in maize grains is detrimental to human health. Developing maize varieties with low-Cd contents via marker-assisted selection is important for ensuring the production of maize grains safe for consumption. However, the key gene controlling maize grain Cd accumulation has not been cloned. In this study, we identified two major loci for maize grain Cd accumulation (qCd1 and qCd2) on chromosome 2 during a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The qCd1 locus was analyzed by bulked segregant RNA-seq and fine mapping with a biparental segregating population of Jing724 (low-Cd line) and Mo17 (high-Cd line). The ZmCd1 candidate gene in the qCd1 locus encodes a vacuolar membrane-localized heavy metal P-type ATPase transporter, ZmHMA3, which is orthologous to the tonoplast Cd transporter OsHMA3. Genomic DNA sequence and transcript analyses suggested that a transposon in intron 1 of ZmCd1 is responsible for the abnormal amino acid sequence in Mo17. An EMS mutant analysis and an allelism test confirmed ZmCd1 influences maize grain Cd accumulation. The natural variations in ZmCd1 were used to develop four PCR-based molecular markers, which revealed five ZmCd1 haplotypes in the GWAS population. The molecular markers were also used to predict the grain Cd contents in commonly cultivated maize germplasms in China. The predicted Cd contents for 36 inbred lines and 13 hybrids were consistent with the measured Cd contents. Furthermore, several low-Cd elite inbred lines and hybrids were identified, including Jing2416, MC01, Jingnonke728, and Jingke968. Therefore, the molecular markers developed in this study are applicable for molecular breeding and developing maize varieties with low grain Cd contents.

scholarly journals Systems approaches provide new insights into Arabidopsis thaliana root growth under mineral nutrient limitation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Bouain ◽  
Arthur Korte ◽  
Santosh B. Satbhai ◽  
Seung Y. Rhee ◽  
Wolfgang Busch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Functional Module ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
A Genome

AbstractThe molecular genetic mechanisms by which plants modulate their root growth rate (RGR) in response to nutrient deficiency are largely unknown. Using a panel of Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions, we provide a comprehensive combinatorial analysis of RGR variation under macro- and micronutrient deficiency, namely phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), which affect root growth in opposite directions. We found that while -P stimulates early RGR of most accessions, -Fe or -Zn reduces it. The combination of either -P-Fe or -P-Zn leads to suppression of the growth inhibition exerted by -Fe or -Zn alone. Surprisingly, Arabidopsis reference accession Columbia (Col-0) is not representative of the species under -P and -Zn. Using a genome wide association study, we identify candidate genes that control RGR under the assayed nutrient deficiency conditions. By using a network biology driven search using these candidate genes, we further identify a functional module enriched in regulation of cell cycle, DNA replication and chromatin modification that possibly underlies the suppression of root growth reduction in -P-Fe conditions. Collectively, our findings provide a framework for understanding the regulation of RGR under nutrient deficiency, and open new routes for the identification of both large effect genes and favorable allelic variations to improve root growth.

Quality traits of wheat determined by small-scale dough testing methods

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Békés ◽  
P. W. Gras ◽  
R. S. Anderssen ◽  
R. Appels
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Wheat Lines

The dough properties of flours from the grain of 172 doubled haploid lines of a Cranbrook Halberd cross, grown at 3 locations, were determined with traditional and small-scale dough testing equipment. The experiments were aimed at determining the genetic factors that underpin the flour processing properties of wheat flour. Seven mixing parameters determined on a 2-g Mixograph™, as well as the maximum resistance (RMAX) and extensibility (EXT) measured on a Micro-Extension Tester, were identified as quality traits for genetic mapping studies, to identify the underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL). For each of the 3 locations in which the wheat lines were grown, relationships between the quality parameters and genetic markers were constructed for the populations. The associations of HMW- and LMW-glutenin allele combinations with the quality traits were investigated using ANOVA, linear parametric, and non-parametric methods. Of particular interest were qualitative and quantitative assessments of the extremes of the quality traits in each population. The relative contributions of the glutenincoding loci to quality were determined and it was found that the growing conditions to which wheat lines were subjected significantly affected the analyses. The nature and extent of these variations could not be explained by changes in protein content alone, and were related to environmentally induced alterations in the protein composition. From a comparison of the measurements made with the small-scale Mixograph™ with those from both the Extensograph™ and a Micro-Extension Tester, it was concluded that the same information about RMAX and EXT obtained from traditional extension testing could be obtained using small-scale dough tests. The data provided a direct validation for the application of small-scale testing for the screening of large populations. The comparisons of large and small scale testing procedures also provided the basis defining a new trait, ‘M-extensibility’, which is obtained from protein content and selected Mixograph data. This parameter was able to be measured more accurately and was shown to be closely related to the traditional extensibility measurement, and thus very useful for molecular/genetic analysis. The M-extensibility trait could be mapped as a major QTL to LMW-glutenin subunit loci on chromosomes 1B and 1D.

Case studies in molecular population genetics

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-216
Author(s):  
Asher D. Cutter
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Real World ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Population Genetics ◽  
Population Genetic Analyses

Collections of DNA from nature for many individuals and loci give us the raw material for studying evolution at the molecular level. Chapter 9, “Case studies in molecular population genetics: genotype to phenotype to selection,” dives into several case studies of exciting real-world organisms that demonstrate the application from A to Z of the concepts developed throughout the book. It includes summaries of the natural context for each organism, ranging from armoring in fish (Eda, Pitx1) and color crypsis in mice (Mc1r) to butterfly flight ability (Pgi) and toxin metabolism in Drosophila fruit flies (Cyp6g1, Adh), then walks through the molecular data, their visualization, and their analysis. Complications and caveats to real-world analysis are discussed for how to identify demographic and selective effects in empirical datasets. The approaches include both candidate gene studies and genome scans, and show how different molecular population genetic analyses work in concert with one another. These population genetic analyses also can dovetail with functional molecular genetic experiments and with genetic mapping using crosses or genome-wide association study analysis. Chapter 9 ends by introducing a summary of several advanced topics in molecular population genetics, including concepts and tests for selection on standing variation, the genomic scale of data computation and evolutionary modelling, and connections to human evolution.

scholarly journals Breeding Malting Barley under Stress Conditions in South America

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Germán S
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
South America ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Early Maturity

The annual average area sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare) in South America during 1999&ndash;2003 was 795 000 ha. In Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, two-rowed spring cultivars are used mostly for malt production. Research has been developed in private malting companies and official institutions supported by the industry. In Argentina, tolerance to drought and heat stress during grain filling are important in drier areas. Yield and malt extract had been improved in cultivars released from 1940 to 1998. In Brazil, progress in grain yield, grain size, malting quality, early maturity, and resistance to net blotch, powdery mildew, and leaf rust has been achieved by EMBRAPA and malting companies. Higher tolerance to soil acidity and resistance to spot blotch are required. Since 1976, malting barley breeding in INIA-Chile has improved grain yield, grain size, beer production efficiency, and resistance to scald, net blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust. Uruguay produces high quality malt exported mainly to Brazil. Malting companies have released locally bred and introduced cultivars since the early 1970&rsquo;s. Initiated in 1988, INIA-Uruguay breeding program has improved yield, malting quality, and lodging and disease resistance. Fusarium head blight is a new challenge for research in Brazil and Uruguay. Information regarding malting barley production, the most important stresses in different areas of production, and breeding progress under South American conditions is provided. &nbsp;

Clinical importance of molecular markers of adult diffuse glioma

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Molinari ◽  
Olimpia E Curran ◽  
Robin Grant
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Diffuse Glioma ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Cns Tumours

In 2016, the WHO incorporated molecular markers, in addition to histology, into the diagnostic classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumours. This improves diagnostic accuracy and prognostication: oligo-astrocytoma no longer exists as a clinical entity; isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma is a smaller category with better prognosis; IDH wild-type ‘low-grade’ glioma has a much poorer prognosis; and glioblastoma is divided into IDH mutant (with an better prognosis than pre-2016 glioblastoma) and IDH wild type (with a poorer prognosis). Previous advice based on phenotype alone will change with respect to median survival, best management plan and response to treatment. There are implications for routine neuropathology reporting and future trial design. Cases that are difficult to classify may need more advanced molecular genetic classification through DNA methylation-based classification of CNS tumours (Heidelberg Classifier). We discuss the practical implications.

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