scholarly journals Review of Pharmaceutical Applications of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolghasem Jouyban ◽  
Mohammad Amin Abolghasemi Fakhree ◽  
Ali Shayanfar
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or Pharmasolve is very strong solubilizing agent and it has important applications in different fields of industry. This review presents NMP physicochemical characteristics, application especially in pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacokinetic and toxicity. Characteristics of NMP such as physicochemical properties, solubilization efficacy, toxicity and adverse effects were compared with other common solvents used in the pharmaceutical industries. This review reveals that NMP is an acceptable pharmaceutical solvent and its efficacy, toxicity, and side effects are comparable with other common solvent.

scholarly journals Comparative Physicochemical Evaluation of Starch Extracted from Cajanus Cajan Seeds Grown in Sudan as a Pharmaceutical Excipient Against Maize Starch

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdalla Bakheit ◽  
Daud Baraka Abdallah ◽  
Elnazeer I. Hamedelniel ◽  
Zuheir Osman ◽  
Khaled M. Algaobahi
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Pharmaceutical Excipient ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

The objective of this work was to extract and to investigate the physicochemical properties of Cajanus cajan starch (CCS) for use as pharmaceutical excipient and to compare its properties with official maize starch. Cajanus cajan seeds yielded 32.6 % starch on dry weight basis and several physicochemical characteristics of the extracted CCS and maize starch were evaluated such as: pH, moisture content, cold water solubility, swelling capacity, hydration capacity, moisture uptake, Amylose/Amylopectin ratio, flow properties and bulk and tapped densities. Also, the microphotograph and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) had been taken for both starch samples. The physicochemical properties of CCS compared favorably with those of maize starch, suggesting that CCS can be used as tablet excipient in pharmaceutical industries.

Pharmaceutical Polymers - A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Sonia Pahuja ◽  
Ranjit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Taste Masking ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Humans have taken advantage of the adaptability of polymers for centuries in the form of resins, gums tars, and oils. However, it was not until the industrial revolution that the modern polymer industry began to develop. Polymers represent an important constituent of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Polymers have played vital roles in the formulation of pharmaceutical products. Polymers have been used as a major tool to manage the drug release rate from the formulations. Synthetic and natural-based polymers have found their way into the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic and Natural polymers can be produced with a broad range of strength, heat resistance, density, stiffness and even price. By constant research into the science and applications of polymers, they are playing an ever-increasing role in society. Diverse applications of polymers in the present pharmaceutical field are for controlled drug release. Based on solubility pharmaceutical polymers can be classified as water-soluble and water-insoluble. In general, the desirable polymer properties in pharmaceutical applications are film forming, adhesion, gelling, thickening, pH-dependent solubility and taste masking. General pharmaceutical applications of polymers in various pharmaceutical formulations are also discussed

Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals - Design, Development and Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Rachna Anand ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Arun Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Crystal Engineering ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Drug Molecule ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Factors

Background: Solubility and dissolution profile are the major factors which directly affect the biological activity of a drug and these factors are governed by the physicochemical properties of the drug. Crystal engineering is a newer and promising approach to improve physicochemical characteristics of a drug without any change in its pharmacological action through a selection of a wide range of easily available crystal formers. Objective: The goal of this review is to summarize the importance of crystal engineering in improving the physicochemical properties of a drug, methods of design, development, and applications of cocrystals along with future trends in research of pharmaceutical co-crystals. Co-crystallization can also be carried out for the molecules which lack ionizable functional groups, unlike salts which require ionizable groups. Conclusion: Co-crystals is an interesting and promising research area amongst pharmaceutical scientists to fine-tune the physicochemical properties of drug materials. Co-crystallization can be a tool to increase the lifecycle of an older drug molecule. Crystal engineering carries the potential of being an advantageous technique than any other approach used in the pharmaceutical industry. Crystal engineering offers a plethora of biopharmaceutical and physicochemical enhancements to a drug molecule without the need of any pharmacological change in the drug.

The Use of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Letendre ◽  
Douglas J. DeJong ◽  
Donald R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Refractory Disease ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid Antagonist ◽  
Acid Antagonist

The use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed. Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, is sometimes employed in an attempt to symptomatically control patients whose disease does not respond adequately to conventional therapies. Systemic administration of 7.5–15 mg/wk in a “pulse” fashion appears to be effective without precipitating severe adverse effects. However, concern over potentially serious side effects and a lack of well-controlled clinical trials have limited its use to severe, refractory disease. Further studies are needed before its role in rheumatoid arthritis can justifiably be expanded.

scholarly journals Toxicological Profile of Plasmonic Nanoparticles in Zebrafish Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6372
Author(s):  
Marta d’Amora ◽  
Vittoria Raffa ◽  
Francesco De Angelis ◽  
Francesco Tantussi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Surface Plasmon ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Plasmonic Nanoparticles ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Toxicological Profile ◽  
Materials Used

Plasmonic nanoparticles are increasingly employed in several fields, thanks to their unique, promising properties. In particular, these particles exhibit a surface plasmon resonance combined with outstanding absorption and scattering properties. They are also easy to synthesize and functionalize, making them ideal for nanotechnology applications. However, the physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles can make them potentially toxic, even if their bulk metallic forms are almost inert. In this review, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential adverse effects of plasmonic nanoparticles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) during both development and adulthood, focusing our attention on the most common materials used, i.e., gold and silver.

scholarly journals Neutralizing Antibodies Titers and Side Effects in Response to BNT162b2 Vaccine in Healthcare Workers with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
José Javier Morales-Núñez ◽  
José Francisco Muñoz-Valle ◽  
Carlos Meza-López ◽  
Lin-Fa Wang ◽  
Andrea Carolina Machado Sulbarán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Expected Result ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
The Usa

The main expected result of a vaccine against viruses is the ability to produce neutralizing antibodies. Currently, several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being applied to prevent mortal complications, being Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) one of the first to be authorized in the USA and Mexico (11 December 2020). This study evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine on antibody production with neutralizing capacity and its side effects in healthcare workers with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and in a group of unvaccinated individuals with prior COVID-19. The main findings are the production of 100% neutralizing antibodies in both groups after the second dose, well-tolerated adverse effects, the possible presence of immunosenescence, and finally, we support that a single dose of this vaccine in individuals with prior COVID-19 would be sufficient to achieve an immunization comparable to people without prior COVID-19 with a complete vaccination program (2 doses).

Short-term adverse effects of testosterone used for priming in prepubertal boys before growth hormone stimulation test

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Albrecht ◽  
Theresa Penger ◽  
Michaela Marx ◽  
Karin Hirsch ◽  
Helmuth G. Dörr
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Effect Rate ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Testicular Pain ◽  
Prepubertal Boys

AbstractBackground:Despite the fact that priming with sex steroids in prepubertal children before growth hormone (GH) provocative tests is recommended, there is an ongoing controversial discussion about the appropriate age of the children, the drug used for priming, the dose and the period between priming and the GH test. Interestingly, there is no discussion on the safety of this procedure. To date, only little data have been available on the possible side effects of priming with testosterone.Methods:We analyzed the outcome in 188 short-statured prepubertal boys who had been primed with testosterone enanthate (n=136: 50 mg; n=51: 125 mg, and accidentally one boy with 250 mg) 7 days prior to the GH test. Serum testosterone levels were measured on the day of the GH test in 99 boys.Results:Overall, only five boys developed adverse side effects. Two boys (dose 125 mg) showed severe low-flow priapism and had to undergo decompression of the corpora cavernosa. One boy suffered from self-limiting priapism and testicular pain (dose 50 mg). Two patients reported testicular pain (each dose 50 mg). The single patient with 250 mg testosterone did not show any adverse effects. The total side effect rate was 2.7%. The serum testosterone levels of the boys with side effects were not different from the testosterone levels of the boys without any side effects.Conclusions:Parents and patients should be informed about the possible side effects of priming with testosterone such as priapism and testicular pain. However, the overall side effect rate is low. We found no correlation between the outcome and the testosterone dose used and/or the level of serum testosterone.

scholarly journals Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) induced chronic hepatitis

Gut ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Deltenre ◽  
A Berson ◽  
P Marcellin ◽  
C Degott ◽  
M Biour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Liver Dysfunction ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Aminosalicylic Acid ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Slow Release Formulation

BACKGROUNDTreatment of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease with sulphasalazine causes several adverse effects, including hepatitis. Sulphasalazine is cleaved by colonic bacteria into 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulphapyridine. Received wisdom was that 5-aminosalicylic acid was topically active, whereas sulphapyridine was absorbed and caused immunoallergic side effects. Mesalazine, a slow release formulation of 5-aminosalicylic acid, was expected to be a safe alternative. However, several cases of acute hepatitis have been reported.CASE REPORTA 65 year old man had increased liver enzymes, anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies and IgG levels, and lesions of chronic hepatitis after 21 months of mesalazine treatment. Although liver dysfunction had been identified eight months earlier, simvastatin rather than mesalazine had been withdrawn, without any improvement. In contrast, liver enzyme and IgG levels became normal and autoantibodies disappeared after discontinuation of mesalazine administration.CONCLUSIONContrary to initial expectations, mesalazine can cause most of the sulphasalazine induced adverse effects, and hepatic side effects may be almost as frequent. When liver dysfunction occurs, mesalazine administration should be discontinued to avoid the development of chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND POWDER CHARACTERIZATION OF HERBAL DENTIFRICES

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
V. K Sharma ◽  
◽  
B. Mazumder ◽  
P. P. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Particle Rearrangement ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tapped Density

The consumption of edible products strongly recommends the regular hygiene of oral cavity. Various dental products of allopathic and herbal origin are used as dentifrices. The dentifrices are considered safe and effective in terms of cleansing effect of oral cavity and antimicrobial effect against microbes causing bad smell and diseases such as gingivitis, pyorrhea etc. These characteristics of preparations are basically related to physicochemical properties of ingredients present in their composition and some how on directions of their use. In the present study, the marketed allopathic dentifrices coded as Brand I and II and herbal tooth powders coded as Brand III and IV were selected to analyze the impact of physicochemical properties of incorporated ingredients on their cleansing efficiency. The physicochemical characteristics studied were pH, bulk volume, tapped volume, tapped density, bulk density, true density, porosity, flowability, compressibility, compactability, cohesiveness, dispersability, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, water soluble content, alcohol soluble content, foaming index, particle rearrangement behaviour and particle rearrangement constant. The antimicrobial effect of these powders was studied against Staphylococcus sorbinus, Staphylococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus acidophilus. It was observed that some of the physicochemical properties of all powders were different from each other. Marked antimicrobial effect of tooth powders was observed against pathogens. In all preparations, remarkable foaming index was analyzed that was generally considered responsible for cleansing effect.

Elucidating the Potential Side Effects of Current Anti- Seizure Drugs for Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enes Akyüz ◽  
Mohd. Farooq Shaikh ◽  
Betül Köklü ◽  
Cansu Ozenen ◽  
Alina Arulsamy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
First Line ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Gaba Transmission

: Over the decades, various interventions have been developed and utilized to treat epilepsy. However, majority of epileptic patients are often first prescribed with anti-epileptic drugs (AED), now known as anti-seizure drugs (ASD), as a first line of defense to suppress their seizures and regain their quality of life. ASDs exert their anti-convulsant effects through various mechanisms of action including regulation of ion channels, blocking of glutamate-mediated stimulating neurotransmitter interaction, and enhancing the inhibitory GABA transmission. About one third of epileptic patients are often resistant to anti-convulsant drugs, while others develop numerous side effects which may lead to treatment discontinuation and further deterioration of quality of life. Common side effects of ASDs include headache, nausea and dizziness. However, more adverse effects such as auditory and visual problems, skin problems, liver dysfunction, pancreatitis and kidney disorders may also be witnessed. Some ASDs may even result in life-threatening conditions as well as serious abnormalities, especially in patients with comorbidities and in pregnant women. Nevertheless, some clinicians had observed a reduction in the development of side effects post individualized ASD treatment. This suggest that a careful and well-informed ASD recommendation to patients may be crucial for an effective and side-effect free control of their seizures. Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the anticonvulsant effects of ASDs as well as their side effect profile, by discussing their mechanism of action and reported adverse effects based on clinical and preclinical studies, thereby providing clinicians with a greater understanding of the safety of current ASDs.

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