Foreign trade, world markets and balance-of-payments trends in 1963-64

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
World Markets

Summary and Appraisal

1989 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Consumer Spending ◽  
Fixed Investment ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
World Markets

The new Chancellor, John Major, has taken office at a difficult time for the conduct of economic policy. The boom of the late 1980s has spent its force, but as yet there is no sign of the improvement in the balance of payments, or the reduction in inflation one might expect as a consequence.In our main forecasts we show output growth in 1990 of just over 1½ per cent, less than 1 per cent excluding North Sea oil production. Consumer spending, which gave the main impetus to the early stages of the boom, will hardly rise next year and stock building is expected to turn negative. Fixed investment is unlikely to contribute much to the growth of demand year-on-year. The fall in the exchange rate during this year will help to sustain export growth next year, although world markets will not be as buoyant as they have been in 1989.

The Development of Foreign Trade and Communication in Costa Rica to the Construction of the First Railway

1953 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209
Author(s):  
Richard J. Houk
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
World Markets ◽  
History Of

The poorest, the most abandoned, the most isolated of the Spanish possessions in North America was the province of Costa Rica. Despite valiant efforts made by the royal governors to build roads and to stimulate the production of items for export, the colonial history of the nation indicates a vegetating and unstimulated economy. The smallest settlements made by the Spaniards were scattered throughout the country, and the greatest concentration of population was in the fertile Meseta Central, which had no easy access to the sea. All of the early settlers were “miserably poor with no prospect of finding mines to bring them quick wealth, no export crop in demand in world markets, and no means of bringing such a crop to the coast had it existed.”

The Export of Hazardous Factories to Developing Nations

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry I. Castleman
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Environmental Destruction ◽  
World Markets

The export of hazardous industrial plants to developing nations is examined for a number of industries. As hazardous and polluting industries come under increasing regulation in industrial nations, some of the affected processes are exported, without improvements to make them less hazardous, to nonregulating countries where cheap and uninformed labor is abundant. “Runaway shops” then market their products in industrial nations with the competitive advantage of not having had to comply with costly workplace and pollution-control regulations. The international trade impacts of hazard export include: export of jobs from regulating to nonregulating countries; shift of international balance of payments in favor of nonregulating countries; export of mortal health hazards and environmental destruction to workers and communities in nonregulating nations, in order to produce goods for consumption by the regulating countries; weakened competitive position of reputable manufacturers who incur control costs and compete in domestic and world markets against less scrupulous companies; prolonged widespread use of discredited, extremely hazardous technologies, arising from the continuing “subsidy” of certain industries by workers and communities exposed to uncontrolled, well-recognized, mortal health hazards; and aggravated international relations resulting from developing nations' awareness and concern over becoming dumping grounds for hazard export from industrial nations.

scholarly journals Customs Benefits: Mechanism of Establishment and Practice in the Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Orlova ◽  
Ekaterina Zavyalova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Russian Federation

In the current context national goals in the field of economy are associated with further strengthening the competitiveness of Russian products on world markets, supporting national producers, stimulating investment activity. One of the conditions for their implementation is the application of regulation of foreign trade activities through the granting of benefits. The purpose of this article is to analyze and systematize the existing customs privileges within the framework of supranational and national legislation. A competent and transparent organization of system customs benefits allows not only foreign trade participants to save financial resources, but also to increase the investment attractiveness of the state. In the process of studying the EAEU legislation for customs privileges, it was revealed that different types of benefits are established by various regulatory legal acts; there is no understandable and clearly built system. The existing customs privileges are systematized and the basic rules for their application are described in the article. The content of each type of customs benefits has been disclosed. The analysis of the customs benefits in the Russian Federation during various periods of integration was carried out. Keywords. Customs regulation, customs benefits, preferences, customs payments, tariff privileges.

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