scholarly journals Comprehensive Kinetic Study of Pyrolysis of Sunan Candlenut: The Effect of Using Iron Oxide, Zeolite and ZSM-5 as Bed Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-502
Author(s):  
I Made Rajendra ◽  
I Nyoman Suprapta Winaya ◽  
Ainul Ghurri ◽  
I Ketut Gede Wirawan
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Bed Materials ◽  
Bed Material

The purpose of bed material in the pyrolysis process is to reduce the need for heat energy. In this study, three kinds of sands were observed as bed material, namely iron oxide, zeolite, and ZSM-5 in the slow fixed bed pyrolysis of sunan candlenut oilcake (SCO). To evaluate the activation energy, pyrolytic kinetics were carried out using the iso-conversional method with the KAS, OFW, and Friedman models. They involved calculating the data from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test at heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 K/min. Furthermore, the results showed that SCO had a high volatile content of 82.80%, alongside a calorific value of 26.93 MJ/kg. The calculation results showed that the activation energy of SCO was 169.140 kJ/mol which decreased 1.45% in the KAS model, and 1.92% in the OFW model with the addition of ZSM-5 bed material. Therefore, the use of ZSM-5 bed material in the pyrolysis process reduces the activation energy.

Kinetics and exergy analysis of pyro-gas from residual tyres

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (08) ◽  
pp. 795-811
Author(s):  
P. Rajkumar ◽  
◽  
Dr. S. Murugavelh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Model Free

About1.5 billion tyres are manufactured every year and enormous quantity of the tyres end up in trash. Waste rubber tyres possess calorific value around 39- 42 MJkg-1which makes it an attractive choice for pyrolysis process. The aim of the present work is to convert residual tyres into energy reach pyro-gas. A single column fixed bed batch pyrolyzer was designed pyrolysis of residual tyres. The residual tyres were ground into fine powder. The characterization of powdered residual tyres was performed with elemental analyser to determine the total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis of the residual tyres was conducted at different heating rates viz., 5 °C min-1, 10 °C min-1, 15 °C min-1 to elucidate the thermal degradation profile. The thermal cracking of a residual tyres was conducted at temperature range of 450 °C to 550 °C with increment of 50 °C. Pyro-gas was measured individually for each trail and the exergy was determined using thermodynamic laws. Four different model-free methods were employed to estimate the kinetic parameter such as activation energy and order of the reaction. The average activation energy from Friedman model was evaluated to be 127.35 kJ mol-1. A maximum of 52.11% of Pyro-oil was reported at 550 °C. The maximum energy and exergy were 5.49 MJ kg-1 and 4.92 MJ kg-1 respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the reaction kinetics of three residual biomasses

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2891-2905
Author(s):  
Arnaldo Martinez ◽  
Lourdes Meriño ◽  
Alberto Albis ◽  
Jorge Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Biomass Residues

Kinetic analysis for the combustion of three agro-industrial biomass residues (coconut husk, corn husk, and rice husk) was carried out in order to provide information for the generation of energy from them. The analysis was performed using the results of the data obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at three heating rates (10, 20, and 30 K/min). The biomass residues were characterized in terms of proximate analysis, elemental analysis, calorific value, lignin content, α-cellulose content, hemicellulose content, and holocellulose content. The biomass fuels were thermally degraded in an oxidative atmosphere. The results showed that the biomass thermal degradation process is comprised of the combustion of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The kinetic parameters of the distributed activation energy model indicated that the activation energy distribution for the pseudocomponents follows lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in descending order. The activation energy values for each set of reactions are similar between the heating rates, which suggests that it is independent of the heating rate between 10 K/min and 30 K/min. For all the biomass samples, the increased heating rate resulted in the overlap of the hemicellulose and cellulose degradation events.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis and Kinetic Analysis of CO2 Fixation Marine (Isochrysis sp.) and Freshwater (Monoraphidium c.) Microalgae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noridah B. Osman ◽  
Umi Syahirah Binti Mohd Amina ◽  
David Onoja Patrick ◽  
Nurul Asyikin Binti Bad ir Noon Zamana ◽  
Syazmi Zul Arif n Hakimi Saado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Bio Oil

Abstract Marine and freshwater microalgae grow in two different ecosystems, which influence their properties thus requires attention prior to determining its application. This paper has successfully disclosed the thermal, chemical, and physical properties of two types of microalgae on carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation and underwent pyrolysis process. Slow pyrolysis process for marine and freshwater microalgae (Isochrysis sp. and Monoraphidium c.) was performed in the fixed bed pyrolysis reactor and TGA (thermogravimetric analyzer) to determine the product yield and study their thermal decomposition profile. The pyrolysis was completed at various temperatures (400, 450, 500, and 550°C) at a heating rate of 15 °Cmin-1 and nitrogen flow rate of 200 ml min-1. Pyrolysis in TGA analyzer ran from 27 to 800°C at three heating rates (10, 20, and 40 °Cmin-1). For chemical composition, Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed on both microalgae samples. The highest yield (up to 33.9%) of bio-oil was obtained from Isochrysis sp. for all temperatures while the highest average yield (65.78%) of bio-char was collected from Monoraphidium c. species. From TGA pyrolysis, the major decomposition occurred between 200-400°C for Monoraphidium c. species. On the other hand, the decomposition profile of Isochrysis sp. was slightly slower, which may be due to the differences in lipid composition (FTIR peak 2929 cm-1). The activation energy of all tests is lower (33.6-40.3 kJ mol-1) compared to several other biomasses. Marine species fixed with CO2 showed promising results even without addition of catalyst and no additional cost needed.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1779
Author(s):  
Rafał Ślefarski ◽  
Joanna Jójka ◽  
Paweł Czyżewski ◽  
Michał Gołębiewski ◽  
Radosław Jankowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Shredder Residue ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel ◽  
Automotive Shredder Residue

There has been a gradual increase in the field of parts recovery from cars that are withdrawn from use. However, the disposal of automotive shredder residue (ASR) still remains a significant problem. ASR is refuse derived fuel (RDF), which contains mainly plastics, fiber sponges, and rubbers in different proportions, and therefore a thermal treatment of selected waste samples is applied. The presented research includes thermogravimetry (TG) analysis and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, as well as a proximate and an ultimate analysis of the ASR samples. The obtained results were processed and used as an input for modelling. The numerical calculations focused on the identification of the ASR’s average composition, the raw pyrolysis process product, its dry pyrolytic gas composition, and the combustible properties of the pyrolytic gases. The TGA analysis with three heating rate levels covered the temperature range from ambient to 800 °C. The thermal decomposition of the studied samples was in three stages confirmed with three peaks observed at the temperatures 280, 470, and 670 °C. The amount of solid residue grew with the heating rates and was in the range of 27–32 wt%. The numerical calculation of the pyrolysis process showed that only 0.46 kg of dry gas were formed from 1 kg of ASR. The gas yield increased with the rising temperature, and, at the same time, its calorific value decreased from 19.22 down to 14.16 MJ/m3. This is due to the decomposition of C6+ hydrocarbons and the promotion of CO formation. The thermodynamic parameters of the combustion process for a pyrolytic gas air mixture, such as the adiabatic flame temperature and laminar flame speed, were higher than for methane and were, respectively, 2073 °C and 1.02 m/s.

Mechanism and Kinetics of Pyrolysis of Coal With High Ash and Low Fixed Carbon Contents

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yang ◽  
Jing-yu Ran ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Global Symmetry ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Characteristic Index ◽  
Pyrolysis Reaction ◽  
Second Stage

There are much coal with low content of volatile matter (Vad < 20%), high content of ash (Aad > 50%), low heating caloric (∼10,000 kJ/kg) in China. It is very important to study pyrolysis performance of the coal to ensure high efficiency of utilization and low pollution emissions. In this paper, we study the pyrolysis reaction details of different types of this coal from different regions of China under different pyrolysis pressures, temperatures, particle sizes, and heating rates by thermo-gravimetry (TG) method. The pyrolysis characteristic temperatures and the characteristic index of volatilization matter released of coal gangue (CG) are obtained in this work. In addition, the detailed process of mechanism and kinetic parameters of pyrolysis are presented. The results show that many factors have an obvious influence on the pyrolysis reaction of the coal. The pyrolysis process of the coal is comprised of two stages. At the primary stage(t < 560 °C), the pyrolysis reaction is dominated by the diffusion rate of volatile matter because of the high ash content, which is the global symmetry diffusion mechanism, and the volatile matter of this stage is more difficult to come out and a high pyrolysis activation energy is observed. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the pyrolysis reaction is moving into diffusion limitation, the volatile matter is released plentifully, and the low activation energy is found. At the second stage (t > 560 °C), the pyrolysis reaction is governed by the tar-released reaction and the pyrolysis reaction order is 1.5. The high activation energy is also observed for the second stage pyrolysis process.

Effects of Metal Oxides during Pyrolysis Sludge by Kinetic Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 1854-1858
Author(s):  
Ren Ping Liu ◽  
Rui Yao ◽  
Bin Bin Dong
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Ozawa Method ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Mechanism Function

On the basis of proximate analysis, element analysis and calorific value that carried out on the sewage sludge, thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was conducted on the research of sewage sludge pyrolysis. The loss of sludge under different heating rates was comparative analyzed. And we calculated the activation energy by using Ozawa method, Satava method was also used to infer the most probable mechanism function and kinetic parameters. the result shows that sludge pyrolysis process can be divided into three parts as 200-450°C,450-600°C and above 600°C, the Reaction mechanism functions for the pre main two parts were G(α)=(1-α)-1 and G(α)=[-ln(1-α)]2/3respectively. Its proved that Al2O3,MgO probably inhibited the decomposition while Fe2O3,CaO,ZnO promoted the degradation of organic matters under 200-450°C. CaO and Fe2O3 showed advantage while MgO, Al2O3, ZnO turned to be disadvantagble when temperature arised to 450-600°C. At the end of pyrolysis, the advantage effects order on pyrolysis : Al2O3> Fe2O3>MgO >ZnO>CaO.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Non-Isothermal Kinetic Parameters for Pyrolysis of Teak Wood using Model-Fitting Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 1432
Author(s):  
Adekunle Adeleke ◽  
Peter Ikubanni ◽  
Jamiu Odusote ◽  
Thomas Orhadahwe ◽  
Olumuyiwa Lasode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Wood Dust ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Teak Wood ◽  
Isothermal Kinetic

Teak wood is one of the prominently used raw material in the construction industry, thus contributing extremely to the biomass waste available in Nigeria. These wastes are usually used for energy generation that requires upgrade into better fuel before application. Hence, the present study evaluates the non-isothermal kinetic parameters for pyrolysis of teak wood using model-fitting techniques. Teak wood dust was subjected to proximate, ultimate and calorific value analyses based on different ASTM standards. The thermal degradation and decomposition behaviour of the teak wood dust was examined using a thermogravimetric analyzer. Pulverized teak (6.5 mg) was heated from 30 to 800 ºC at varying heating rates (5, 10 and 15 ºC) in an environment where 100 mL/min of nitrogen gas was charged in continuously to maintain an inert condition. Avrami-Erofeev, Ginstling-Broushtein (GB) and Mampel models were used to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis of teak wood dust. The teak wood dust contained 7.25 % moisture, 79.26 % volatile matter (VM), 1.74 % ash and 11.75 % fixed carbon. The calorific value of the wood dust was 18.72 MJ/kg. The results of the thermogravimetric analyses depicted that heating rate has no effect on weight loss during the reactive drying zone. However, as the thermal treatment progressed into the active pyrolysis and passive pyrolysis zones, the weight loss decreased with increase in heating rate.  The devolatilization parameters also increased with heating rates except for the maximum conversion. The results of the kinetic parameters evaluation revealed that the GB model was best fit to evaluate the kinetic parameters of teak in the active pyrolysis zone while GB and Mampel models were considered most appropriate for the evaluation of the kinetic parameters in the passive pyrolysis zone. Model-fitting method has the capacity to capture a wide range of fractional conversion at a glance. HIGHLIGHTS Arrhenius parameters in terms of activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the pyrolysis of teak wood while comparing 4 different model-fitting techniques were obtained The α-temperature plot for solid state reaction of teak wood dust was a bell-shape (sigmoidal model) The Avrami-Erofeev and SSS models were unable to capture the overlapping multiple reactions that took place simultaneously at the active pyrolysis zone Higher energy input is needed for devolatilization of teak wood dust to give 10 - 80 % conversion due to higher activation energy at the active pyrolysis zone Ginstling-Broushtein was found to be the best model for evaluating the kinetic parameters at the active pyrolysis zone as it had the highest R2 value GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

scholarly journals Sustainable Valorization of Olive Pomace Waste to Renewable Biofuels, Biomaterials and Biochemicals Via Pyrolysis Process: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hechmi Aissaoui ◽  
Aïda Ben Hassen Trabelsi ◽  
Gmar Bensidhom ◽  
Selim Ceylan ◽  
James.J Leahy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Total N ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolytic Oil

Abstract This work demonstrates, experimentally and numerically, the potential of Olive Pomace Waste (OPW) to produce renewable biofuels (pyrolytic oil and gas), bio-chemicals (tars as source of bioactive molecules) and bio-fertilizers (chars) through slow pyrolysis. Experimental pyrolysis runs were conducted at 500, 600 and 700°C as final pyrolysis temperature, 15, 20 and 25°C/min as heating rate and 1h as residence time, in a fixed bed pyrolyzer. In the optimum pyrolysis conditions (600°C and 15°C/min), 33 wt.% of oil, 30.00 wt.% of char and 37 wt.% of gas were produced. Recovered pyrolytic oil presents good energy value (HHV between 15.96 and 20.94 MJ/kg) with a great bioactive potential. The released permanent gases show an interesting energy content (LHV up to 11 MJ/Kg) which emphasizes their application in a gas engine to provide renewable electricity in rural olive groves area. The recovered OPW biochar presents a high carbon (C 72.54 wt.%) and nutrients contents (up to 8.42 mg/g of Ca, up to 8.69 mg/g of K and up to 2.02 % of total N) which make it suitable for soil amendment and for long-term carbon sequestration. Kinetic study of OPW pyrolysis, performed using the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM), gives an activation energy values ranging from 121.6 to 151.6 kJ/mol. The investigation of the OPW thermal behavior and reactivity under pyrolysis conditions is useful approach to design and operate slow pyrolysis process at commercial scale, which could be useful by farmers for OPW in olive fields.

scholarly journals Co-Combustion Studies of Low-Rank Coal and Refuse-Derived Fuel: Performance and Reaction Kinetics

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3796
Author(s):  
Mudassar Azam ◽  
Asma Ashraf ◽  
Saman Setoodeh Setoodeh Jahromy ◽  
Sajjad Miran ◽  
Nadeem Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Isoconversional Methods ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Average Activation Energy ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel

In connection to present energy demand and waste management crisis in Pakistan, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is gaining importance as a potential co-fuel for existing coal fired power plants. This research focuses on the co-combustion of low-quality local coal with RDF as a mean to reduce environmental issues in terms of waste management strategy. The combustion characteristics and kinetics of coal, RDF, and their blends were experimentally investigated in a micro-thermal gravimetric analyzer at four heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C/min to ramp the temperature from 25 to 1000 °C. The mass percentages of RDF in the coal blends were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The results show that as the RDF in blends increases, the reactivity of the blends increases, resulting in lower ignition temperatures and a shift in peak and burnout temperatures to a lower temperature zone. This indicates that there was certain interaction during the combustion process of coal and RDF. The activation energies of the samples were calculated using kinetic analysis based on Kissinger–Akahira–Sunnose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), isoconversional methods. Both of the methods have produced closer results with average activation energy between 95–121 kJ/mol. With a 30% refuse-derived fuel proportion, the average activation energy of blends hit a minimum value of 95 kJ/mol by KAS method and 103 kJ/mol by FWO method.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion (OCAC) with Methane and PSA Off-Gas

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Viktor Stenberg ◽  
Magnus Rydén ◽  
Tobias Mattisson ◽  
Anders Lyngfelt
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Carrier ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Fuel Conversion ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Bed Materials ◽  
Distribution Plate ◽  
Bed Material ◽  
Gas Conversion ◽  
No Emissions

Oxygen carrier aided combustion (OCAC) is utilized to promote the combustion of relatively stable fuels already in the dense bed of bubbling fluidized beds by adding a new mechanism of fuel conversion, i.e., direct gas–solid reaction between the metal oxide and the fuel. Methane and a fuel gas mixture (PSA off-gas) consisting of H2, CH4 and CO were used as fuel. Two oxygen carrier bed materials—ilmenite and synthetic particles of calcium manganate—were investigated and compared to silica sand, an in this context inert bed material. The results with methane show that the fuel conversion is significantly higher inside the bed when using oxygen carrier particles, where the calcium manganate material displayed the highest conversion. In total, 99.3–99.7% of the methane was converted at 900 °C with ilmenite and calcium manganate as a bed material at the measurement point 9 cm above the distribution plate, whereas the bed with sand resulted in a gas conversion of 86.7%. Operation with PSA off-gas as fuel showed an overall high gas conversion at moderate temperatures (600–750 °C) and only minor differences were observed for the different bed materials. NO emissions were generally low, apart from the cases where a significant part of the fuel conversion took place above the bed, essentially causing flame combustion. The NO concentration was low in the bed with both fuels and especially low with PSA off-gas as fuel. No more than 11 ppm was detected at any height in the reactor, with any of the bed materials, in the bed temperature range of 700–750 °C.

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