scholarly journals Identification of Risks to the Achievement of Climate Neutrality Targets - in Order to Audit the Riskiest Branches of the Hungarian Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Gyula Pulay
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
The State ◽  
Logical Probability ◽  
State Audit ◽  
Climate Neutrality

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, considered to be the main cause of global warming, is one of the greatest challenges of our time. The implementation of new practices is assisted by the supreme audit institutions, among them the State Audit Office of Hungary, with advice based on their audits. Auditing is effective when it is carried out in the areas most at risk of failing the objective. The SAO's experts have developed a method for identifying the branches of the national economy the most at risk in terms of reducing GHG emissions. The essence of this method, the developed logical probability model and the results of the calculations are presented in this article.

scholarly journals Mixing the Message: Do Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Affect Dung-Generated Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fallon Fowler ◽  
Christopher J. Gillespie ◽  
Steve Denning ◽  
Shuijin Hu ◽  
Wes Watson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

AbstractBy mixing and potentially aerating dung, dung beetles may affect the microbes producing the greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, their sum-total global warming effect is described as the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Our literature analysis of reported GHG emissions and statistics suggests that most dung beetles do not, however, reduce CO2e even if they do affect individual GHGs. Here, we compare the GHG signature of homogenized (“premixed”) and unhomogenized (“unmixed”) dung with and without dung beetles to test whether mixing and burial influence GHGs. Mixing by hand or by dung beetles did not reduce any GHG – in fact, tunneling dung beetles increased N2O medians by ≥1.8x compared with dung-only. This suggests that either: 1) dung beetles do not meaningfully mitigate GHGs as a whole; 2) dung beetle burial activity affects GHGs more than mixing alone; or 3) greater dung beetle abundance and activity is required to produce an effect.

scholarly journals Litigating Climate Claims in India

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Shibani Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Global South ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Near Future

Jacqueline Peel and Jolene Lin's informative assessment of climate litigation in the Global South is a vital and timely contribution to the growing literature on the issue. It relies on a definition of climate litigation that allows the authors to draw on a much larger set of cases from the Global South by including cases in which climate concerns are “at the periphery.” This essay examines climate litigation in India. Although the term “global warming” started appearing in Indian environmental judgments in the 1990s, climate litigation in India is of relatively recent provenance, and with a few exceptions, climate concerns are peripheral to other, more mainstream environmental issues. Peel and Lin analyze five Indian cases as part of their Global South docket; I expand this set by including fourteen more cases that I believe fit their article's chosen definitional ambit. I classify these cases into four categories based on the use of climate language—reference to climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, or the international negotiations—in the courts’ judgment. Drawing from case law analysis and Indian environmental litigation, I make observations about what we can interpret from the current set of climate cases, and I predict that while conditions are favorable for climate litigation in India to grow, in the near future climate claims are likely to remain peripheral issues.

EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF POLISH RURAL SECTOR

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (3) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Barbara Bujanowicz-Haraś
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Significant Potential

The aim of this study was to illustrate the scale to present the trend of changes in the area of GHG emissions originating from the domestic agricultural sector in the years 1990-2015 and to approximate the sources of the indicated emissions. Climate changes including global warming and primarily associated with them economic and social consequences with the global community faces today and which are expected in the future become the source of public discourse and a stimulus for mitigation and adaptive activities. To a large extent they concern agriculture. The sector which not only contributes to the emission of basic GHG of anthropogenic origin but which is also important, has a significant potential to reduce it.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Forest and Agricultural Lands: Reducing Emissions

EDIS ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon G. Haile ◽  
Clyde W. Fraisse ◽  
Ramachandran P-K Nair ◽  
Vimala D. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Biological Engineering ◽  
Agricultural Lands

AE443, a 7-page fact sheet by Solomon G. Haile, Clyde W. Fraisse, P.K. Ramachandran Nair, and Vimala D. Nair, is part of the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Forest and Agricultural Lands series. It provides basic information about greenhouse gases (GHGs), the greenhouse effect, and global warming, and sources of GHG emissions from forest and agricultural lands and discusses land management practices that have potential to reduce GHG emissions in the agricultural and forestry sectors of Florida. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, December 2008.

scholarly journals Material diets for Climate-Neutral Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Carcassi ◽  
Guillaume Habert ◽  
Laura Malighetti ◽  
Francesco Pittau
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Material Substitution ◽  
Leverage Point ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Building Components ◽  
Climate Neutrality ◽  
Climate Crisis

Abstract The climate crisis is urging us to act fast. Buildings are a key leverage point to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the embodied emissions related with their construction remain often the hidden challenge of any ambitious policy. Since a complete material substitution is not possible, we explore in this paper a material greenhouse gas (GHG) compensation where fast growing bio-based insulation materials are used to compensate building elements which necessarily release GHG. Different material diets as well as different building typologies are modelled to assess the consequences in term of bio-based insulation requirement to reach climate-neutrality. Our results show that it is possible to build climate-neutral buildings with sufficient energy performance to fulfil current standards and with building components thickness within the range of current construction practices. This paper evidences that it is technically feasible and that climate-neutrality in construction sector without a radical technology breakthrough.

Greenhouse gas emissions mitigation with alternate wetting and drying irrigation of rice agriculture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R.K. Runkle ◽  
Arlene Adviento-Borbe ◽  
Michele L. Reba ◽  
Beatriz Moreno-García ◽  
Sandhya Karki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Aerobic Soil

<p>Rice production contributes roughly 11% of global CH4 anthropogenic emissions while producing food for over 3 billion people. The alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation practice for rice has the potential to conserve water while reducing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions through the deliberate, periodic introduction of aerobic soil conditions. Our work in the US Mid-South rice production region has demonstrated, using the eddy covariance method on adjacent fields, that AWD can reduce field CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by about 66% without impacting yield. In any strategy, CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions should also be monitored to take advantage of the high carbon sequestration potential of rice and low potential N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Careful water and fertilizer management can theoretically keep N<sub>2</sub>O emissions low. All three gases should be managed together, while sustaining or improving harvest yield, to create a sustainable rice production system.</p><p> </p><p>We now present 5 years of closed chamber measurements of N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> and compare them to the eddy covariance measurements of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> to derive a more thorough perspective on the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or global warming potential basis of rice production from the highly productive, mechanized, humid, US Mid-South. Global warming potential of GHG emissions from rice systems was dominated by CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (74 to 100%), hence mitigating efforts need to focus on CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. Greater reduction of CH<sub>4</sub> emissions can be achieved by proper AWD management practice combined with adequate N fertilization. We end with a comment on the upcoming challenge of how to sequester CO<sub>2</sub> uptake as soil organic matter via litter incorporation without increasing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. </p>

Climate Multilateralism Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Castro Pereira ◽  
Eduardo Viola
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
United Nations Framework Convention ◽  
Commitment Period ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Dangerous Climate Change

The signing of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by 154 nations at the Rio “Earth Summit” in 1992 marked the beginning of multilateral climate negotiations. Aiming for the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,” the Convention divided parties according to different commitments and established the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDRRC) principle. In 1997, parties to the Convention adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force in 2005. The Protocol set internationally binding emission reduction targets based on a rigid interpretation of the CBDRRC principle. Different perceptions on a fair distribution of climate change mitigation costs hindered multilateral efforts to tackle the problem. Climate change proved a “super wicked” challenge (intricately linked to security, development, trade, water, energy, food, land use, transportation, etc.) and this fact led to a lack of consensus on the distribution of rights and responsibilities among countries. Indeed, since 1992, greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have increased significantly and the Kyoto Protocol did not reverse the trend. In 2009, a new political framework, the Copenhagen Accord, was signed. Although parties recognized the need to limit global warming to < 2°C to prevent dangerous climate change, they did not agree on a clear path toward a legally-binding treaty to succeed the Kyoto Protocol, whose first commitment period would end in 2012. A consensus would only be reached in 2015, when a new, partially legally-binding treaty—the Paris Climate Agreement—committing all parties to limit global warming to “well below 2°C” was finally signed. It came into force in November 2016. Described in many political, public, and academic contexts as a diplomatic success, the agreement suffers, however, from several limitations to its effectiveness. The nationally determined contributions that parties have presented thus far under the agreement would limit warming to approximately 3°C by 2100, placing the Earth at a potentially catastrophic level of climate change. Forces that resist the profound transformations necessary to stabilize the Earth’s climate dominate climate change governance. Throughout almost three decades of international negotiations, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased substantially and at a rapid pace, and climate change has worsened significantly.

scholarly journals Effect of long-term differentiated fertilisation regimes on greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical rice-wheat cropping system

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Fa Wang ◽  
Zhijian Mu ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
Aiying Huang ◽  
Xiao Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Rice Season ◽  
Net Global Warming Potential

A field campaign was conducted using six treatments under the summer rice-winter wheat cultivation system to evaluate the response of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to long-term differentiated fertilisation regimes. The treatments included control, phosphorus plus potassium, nitrogen only, nitrogen plus phosphorus (NP), nitrogen plus potassium, and NP plus potassium (NPK). Compared to the control, mineral fertilisation increased CH<sub>4</sub> emissions during the rice season by 69% to 175%. Phosphorus amendment also enhanced seasonal CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 21% to 34% when compared with the treatments without receiving P, while combined use of P and potassium suppressed seasonal N<sub>2</sub>O emission to the same level of control. Net CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the dried fallow and wheat seasons and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from the flooding rice season dominated annual budgets of individual GHGs. All of the soils under different treatments were net sources of global warming and the overall net global warming potential ranged from 9 799 to 14 178 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq/ha/year with CO<sub>2</sub> emission contributing 52% to 76%, CH<sub>4</sub> contributing 20% to 40% and N<sub>2</sub>O occupying the rest. The annual maximum grain yields and minimum GHG intensity was observed at the NPK treatment, suggesting it to be the environmental-friendly optimum fertilisation regime.

scholarly journals Characterizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential of Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems in Response to Organic Amendments in Eutric Regosols, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 614
Author(s):  
Hamidou Bah ◽  
Xiao Ren ◽  
Yanqiang Wang ◽  
Jialiang Tang ◽  
Bo Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Pig Slurry

Characterizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming potential (GWP) has become a key step in the estimation of atmospheric GHG concentrations and their potential mitigation by cropland management. However, the impacts of organic amendments on GHG, GWP, and yield-scaled GWP on cropland have not been well documented. Here, we investigate four amendment treatments (no amendment, mineral fertilizers, and pig slurry or crop residue combined with mineral fertilizers) during a two-year field experiment in rain-fed wheat-maize cropping systems. The results show that the average annual cumulative methane (CH4) flux ranged from −2.60 to −2.97 kg·C·ha−1 while nitrous oxide (N2O) flux ranged from 0.44 to 4.58 kg·N·ha−1 across all four treatments. N2O emissions were significantly correlated with soil inorganic nitrogen (i.e., NH4+-N and NO3−-N), and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during both the winter wheat and summer maize seasons. On average, organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizers increased the annual GWP by 26–74% and yield-scaled GWP by 19–71% compared to those under only mineral fertilizers application. This study indicates that the fertilization strategy for Eutric Regosols can shift from only mineral fertilizers to organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizers, which can help mitigate GHG emissions and GWP while maintaining crop yields.

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