Intelligent Concrete with Self-x Capabilities for Smart Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Baoguo Han ◽  
Xun Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Concrete Materials ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
Concrete Matrix

Intelligent concrete refers to the structural materials which can sense the changes of environment and make suitable responses by altering one or more working parameters in real time. The ‘intelligent’ properties of concrete are achieved mainly by improving the composition of raw materials or combining some functional materials with concrete matrix, thus leading to the concrete possessing bionic features. Compared to conventional concrete, the reliability and sustainability of structures can be optimized by applying properly designed intelligent concrete materials. Additionally, the life-cycle costs, resource consumption and environment pollution can be reduced. In the past few decades, considerable efforts have been put towards the research of intelligent concrete and many innovative achievements have been gained in the development and application of intelligent concrete. Twelve types of intelligent concrete emphasizing on its self-x capabilities are systematically reviewed in this paper, with attentions to their principles, composition, fabrication, properties, research progress and structural applications. In addition, some comments and prospects for the development of self-x concrete are also discussed.

scholarly journals Research and application progress of lignin-based composite membrane

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youjing Li ◽  
Fen Li ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Baocai Ge ◽  
Fanzhu Meng
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Organic Polymer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
New Perspective

Abstract In view of the serious environmental pollution, which is the greatest problem the world is facing, and the continuous consumption of raw materials, it is imminent to search for green and sustainable resources. Lignin is an organic polymer that exists widely in nature, and if it can be transformed from traditional low-value waste product with low range of applications to functional materials with high application prospects, it can be of great significance to alleviate environmental pollution and shortage of fossil resources. One of the functional applications of lignin involves its use to fabricate composite with other polymeric materials, which can then be used to prepare membrane materials. This review summarizes the recent research and application progress of combining lignin with polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, cellulose, chitosan, and other polymeric materials to prepare composite membranes; and summarizes the future development direction of lignin-based composite membranes. We hope this review may provide a new perspective to the understanding of lignin-based composite membranes and a useful reference for future research.

scholarly journals Application of Construction and Demolition Waste in Civil Construction in the Brazilian Amazon—Case Study of the City of Rio Branco

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2247
Author(s):  
Fernando da Silva Souza ◽  
José Maria Franco de Carvalho ◽  
Gabriela Grotti Silveira ◽  
Vitória Cordeiro Araújo ◽  
Ricardo André Fiorotti Peixoto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Construction And Demolition Waste ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Demolition Waste ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Initial Adhesion

The lack of usable aggregates for civil construction in Rio Branco (capital of Acre, a Federal State in the Amazon region) makes the production and use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste (CDW) an alternative of great interest. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of CDW collected from 24 construction sites of six building types and three different construction phases (structures, masonry, and finishing) was carried out. The fine and coarse recycled aggregates were produced and evaluated in 10 different compositions. The aggregates’ performance was evaluated in four mixtures designed for laying and coating mortars with a total replacement of conventional aggregates and a mixture designed for a C25 concrete with 50% and 100% replacement of conventional aggregates. CDW mortars showed lower densities and greater water retention, initial adhesion, and mechanical strength than conventional mortars. CDW concretes presented lower densities and greater resistance to chloride penetration than conventional concrete, with a small mechanical strength reduction. The recycled CDW aggregates proved to be technologically feasible for safe application in mortars and concrete; for this reason, it is believed that the alternative and proposed methodology is of great interest to the Amazonian construction industry, considering the high costs of raw materials and the need for defining and consolidating a sustainable development model for the Amazon region.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of High-Performance Concrete Characteristics and Loading Test of Pretensioned Experimental Beams

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Pavlina Mateckova ◽  
Vlastimil Bilek ◽  
Oldrich Sucharda
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Concrete Mechanical Properties ◽  
Normal Strength

High-performance concrete (HPC) is subjected to wide attention in current research. Many research tasks are focused on laboratory testing of concrete mechanical properties with specific raw materials, where a mixture is prepared in a relatively small amount in ideal conditions. The wider utilization of HPC is connected, among other things, with its utilization in the construction industry. The paper presents two variants of HPC which were developed by modification of ordinary concrete used by a precast company for pretensioned bridge beams. The presented variants were produced in industrial conditions using common raw materials. Testing and comparison of basic mechanical properties are complemented with specialized tests of the resistance to chloride penetration. Tentative expenses for normal strength concrete (NSC) and HPC are compared. The research program was accomplished with a loading test of model experimental pretensioned beams with a length of 7 m made of ordinarily used concrete and one variant of HPC. The aim of the loading test was to determine the load–deformation diagrams and verify the design code load capacity calculation method. Overall, the article summarizes the possible benefits of using HPC compared to conventional concrete.

Deposition of gold nanoparticles on organo-kaolinite — Application in electrocatalysis for carbon monoxide oxidation

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 845-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadok Letaief ◽  
Wendy Pell ◽  
Christian Detellier
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Oxidation ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Metallic State ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
X Ray

The clay mineral kaolinite was used as support of gold nanoparticles for heterogeneous catalysis of oxidation reactions, particularly of carbon monoxide oxidation. The application of clay minerals in the preparation of new functional materials provides an alternative approach for the use of these abundant raw materials. To improve the physicochemical properties of kaolinite, as well as to ensure a strong immobilization of the adsorbed species, kaolinite was functionalized by grafting 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol on the internal and external surfaces of the octahedral sheets by reaction with the aluminol groups. Gold nanoparticles were then deposited on the external surfaces of the fine particles of the functionalized kaolinite. The resulting gold kaolinite nanohybrid material was characterized by various physicochemical techniques. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry confirmed that gold was effectively reduced to the metallic state during adsorption onto the external surfaces of the modified kaolinite. The gold nanoparticles have a narrow size distribution: more than 88% are less than 4 nm in diameter. Gold nanoparticles deposited on kaolinite catalyze the electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide in alkaline solution at room temperature.

Prediction of physical properties of thermosetting resin by using machine learning and structural formulas of raw materials

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (29-30) ◽  
pp. 1567-1575
Author(s):  
Kokin Nakajin ◽  
Takuya Minami ◽  
Masaaki Kawata ◽  
Toshio Fujita ◽  
Katsumi Murofushi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Thermosetting Resins ◽  
Mixing Ratios

AbstractThermosetting resins are one of the most widely used functional materials in industrial applications. Although some of the physical properties of thermosetting resins are controlled by changing the functional groups of the raw materials or adjusting their mixing ratios, it was conventionally challenging to construct machine learning (ML) models, which include both mixing ratio and chemical information such as functional groups. To overcome this problem, we propose a machine learning approach based on extended circular fingerprint (ECFP) in this study. First, we predicted the classification of raw materials by the random forest, where ECFP was used as the explanatory variable. Then, we aggregated ECFP for each classification predicted by the random forest. After that, we constructed the prediction model by using the aggregated ECFP, feature quantities of reaction intermediates, and curing conditions of resin as explanatory variables. As a result, the model was able to predict in high accuracy (R^2 = 0.8), for example, the elastic modulus of thermosetting resins. Furthermore, we also show the result of verification of prediction accuracy in first step, such as using the one-hot-encording. Therefore, we confirmed that the properties of thermosetting resins could be predicted using mixed raw materials by the proposed method.

A review on the mechanical properties of textile structural composite T-beams

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 710-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Ouyang ◽  
Xianyan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Structural Composite ◽  
Delamination Resistance ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Future Research Directions

In order to review the most effective ways to improve the mechanical properties of composite T-beams and further increase their application potential, research progress on the mechanical properties of textile structural composite T-beams was summarized based on two-dimensional (2-D) ply structure composite T-beams, delamination resistance enhanced 2-D ply structure T-beams, and three-dimensional (3-D) textile structural composite T-beams; future research directions for composite T-beams were also considered. From existing literature, the research status and application bottlenecks of 2-D ply structure composite T-beams and T-beams with enhanced delamination resistance performance were described, as were the specific classification, research progress, and mechanical properties of 3-D textile structural composite T-beams. In addition, the superior mechanical properties of 3-D braided textile structural composite T-beams, specifically their application potential based on excellent delamination resistance capacity, were highlighted. Future research directions for composite T-beams, that is, the applications of high-performance raw materials, locally enhanced design, structural blending enhancement, functionality, and intelligence are presented in this review.

Formwork Pressure of Self-Consolidating Concrete in Tall Wall Field Applications

2005 ◽  
Vol 1914 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Tejeda-Dominguez ◽  
David A. Lange ◽  
Matthew D. D'Ambrosia
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Concrete Material ◽  
Self Consolidating Concrete ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Formwork Pressure ◽  
High Column

The growing interest in the use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for a wide variety of structural applications has initiated a reexamination of its properties and current construction practices and how they compare with those of conventional concrete. One property of interest is the formwork pressure of SCC and how it relates to that of conventional concrete. This work presents the results for three tall walls (28, 21.7, and 13 ft tall) cast slowly with SCC and a 10.6-ft-high column poured quickly by using the same concrete used in one of the walls. The research demonstrates that the pressure of SCC against the formwork drops quickly just after the concrete material is placed. Measurements from the walls poured slowly show that the maximum recorded pressure falls far below the hydrostatic pressure and is closely related to the pouring rate. The experiments also reveal that the formwork pressure exerted by SCC can be revitalized if the SCC is vibrated, even if stiffening is already in progress.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Lim ◽  
Chang-Ik Choi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Traditional Herbal Medicine ◽  
Morus Nigra ◽  
Silk Worm

Mulberry plants belonging to the Moraceae family have been grown for the purpose of being the nutrient source for silk worm and raw materials for the preparation of jams, marmalades, vinegars, juices, wines, and cosmetics. Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) is native to Southwestern Asia, and it has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for animals and humans. In this article, recent research progress on various biological and pharmacological properties of extracts, fractions, and isolated active constituents from different parts of M. nigra are reviewed. M. nigra exhibited a wide-spectrum of biological and pharmacological therapeutic effects including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-melanogenic, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anticancer activities. M. nigra also showed protective effects against various human organs and systems, mainly based on its antioxidant capacity. These findings strongly suggest that M. nigra can be used as a promising nutraceutical resource to control and prevent various chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Fibre Biocomposites Fabricated with Biobased and Regular Epoxy Resins

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Colomer-Romero ◽  
Dante Rogiest ◽  
Juan Antonio García-Manrique ◽  
Jose Enrique Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Composites ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics

Bio- and green composites are mainly used in non-structural automotive elements like interior panels and vehicle underpanels. Currently, the use of biocomposites as a worthy alternative to glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRPs) in structural applications still needs to be fully evaluated. In the current study, the development of a suited biocomposites started with a thorough review of the available raw materials, including both reinforcement fibres and matrix materials. Based on its specific properties, hemp appeared to be a very suitable fibre. A similar analysis was conducted for the commercially available biobased matrix materials. Greenpoxy 55 (with a biocontent of 55%) and Super Sap 100 (with a biocontent of 37%) were selected and compared with a standard epoxy resin. Tensile and three-point bending tests were conducted to characterise the hemp-based biocomposite.

scholarly journals “Smart Is Not Smart Enough!” Anticipating Critical Raw Material Use in Smart City Concepts: The Example of Smart Grids

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin David ◽  
Florian Koch
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Smart Meters

Globally emerging smart city concepts aim to make resource production and allocation in urban areas more efficient, and thus more sustainable through new sociotechnical innovations such as smart grids, smart meters, or solar panels. While recent critiques of smart cities have focused on data security, surveillance, or the influence of corporations on urban development, especially with regard to intelligent communication technologies (ICT), issues related to the material basis of smart city technologies and the interlinked resource problems have largely been ignored in the scholarly literature and in urban planning. Such problems pertain to the provision and recovery of critical raw materials (CRM) from anthropogenic sources like scrap metal repositories, which have been intensely studied during the last few years. To address this gap in the urban planning literature, we link urban planning literatures on smart cities with literatures on CRM mining and recovery from scrap metals. We find that underestimating problems related to resource provision and recovery might lead to management and governance challenges in emerging smart cities, which also entail ethical issues. To illustrate these problems, we refer to the smart city energy domain and explore the smart city-CRM-energy nexus from the perspectives of the respective literatures. We show that CRMs are an important foundation for smart city energy applications such as energy production, energy distribution, and energy allocation. Given current trends in smart city emergence, smart city concepts may potentially foster primary extraction of CRMs, which is linked to considerable environmental and health issues. While the problems associated with primary mining have been well-explored in the literature, we also seek to shed light on the potential substitution and recovery of CRMs from anthropogenic raw material deposits as represented by installed digital smart city infrastructures. Our central finding is that the current smart city literature and contemporary urban planning do not address these issues. This leads to the paradox that smart city concepts are supporting the CRM dependencies that they should actually be seeking to overcome. Discussion on this emerging issue between academics and practitioners has nevertheless not taken place. We address these issues and make recommendations.

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