scholarly journals Understanding evidence-based lead mitigation: Is the lead mitigation advice and strategies being communicated to citizens evidence-based?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shania James ◽  
Heidi Beidinger-Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
State Health ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Lead Hazards

Background and Hypothesis: The CDC has declared that there is no safe blood lead level for a child, but still approximately 37 million homes are lead-contaminated of which 4 million are home to small children. Lead abatement is an expensive strategy to remove all lead hazards rendering a home lead-free. Many of these lead-contaminated homes are in lower socioeconomic areas which makes lead abatement nearly impossible. Given the expense of lead abatement, low-cost interim controls are needed to reduce lead exposure thus creating a lead-safe home. We hypothesize that updated lead mitigation strategies need pursued, and there is a large disparity of lead information disseminated between health departments.    Project Methods: Using JSTOR and Boolean criteria, we conducted a systematic literature review on evidence-based, do-it-yourself (DIY) lead mitigation strategies for sources of lead contamination. Once the literature review was completed, QualtricsR was used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the 50 state health department’s websites for lead policy, user friendliness, and recommended lead interim controls as compared to the literature review.     Results: Results from the literature indicate that there is a lack of current information regarding new strategies for lead mitigation. Research prior to the year 2000 shows that cleaning flat surfaces by wet mopping, washing hands frequently, mulching, removing shoes before entering the home, and painting over deteriorating paint significantly reduces lead accumulation in the home. Preliminary results from the website review found that there is no baseline of uniform information being distributed, and evidence-based practices are not included for each state health department.    Potential Impact: The lack of continuity nationwide for lead mitigation showcases that families are not receiving all of the information that research has to offer to help keep their homes safe. This research indicates that there is a need for national lead policies and recommendations, so each family in the U.S. is equally informed.  

scholarly journals Evidence-based lead mitigation strategies: Are the DIY lead mitigation recommendations by health departments supported by research?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Losiewicz ◽  
Heidi Beidinger-Burnett ◽  
Christopher Knaub
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
State Health ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Hazards

Background: Legislation outlawing leaded paint in 1978 and tetraethyl lead from gasoline in 1992 effectively decreased blood lead levels (BLLs), but the effects of lead are still felt in the United States to this day. There is no safe level of lead in the body, and even low level lead exposure can lead to cognitive and developmental delays such as learning delay and disabilities; low IQ; and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The CDC has determined that a BLL of 5 μg/dL or higher is cause for environmental and educational intervention. Today, the EPA estimates that there are approximately 24 million housing units containing significant lead hazards, with 4 million being home to children. Many of the families that are faced with lead hazards in their homes are minorities and low socioeconomic status. To assist families with possible lead hazards in the home, interim controls of lead hazards may be paramount to reducing lead levels in the household in a simple, cost effective manner. Methods: To that end, our research had two aims (a) conduct a systematic literature review to learn about do-it-yourself (DIY) interim controls that are evidence-based and effective in reducing lead hazards in the home and (b) conduct interviews with key personnel at each state health department to learn more about their lead prevention programs and the DIY mitigation strategies recommended to families. Results: Our provisional findings suggest there is an inconsistent, wide range of mitigation strategies recommended by the state health departments that often lack empirical evidence. . While our literature review identified effective interim controls, the literature is outdated. Conclusion and Potential Impact: We recommend more studies are needed to identify cost effective interim controls and the standardization of health department DIY interim controls across the nation.

scholarly journals Utilizing Citizen Science to Reverse the Current Lead Testing Paradigm: Development of a Scalable, Low-cost Home Lead Test Kit

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katlyn Sawyer ◽  
Chris Knaub ◽  
Meghanne Tighe ◽  
Danielle Forbes ◽  
Claire Marks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Average Completion Time ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Lead Hazards ◽  
Paradigm Development ◽  
Lead Testing

Background: The Center for Disease Control recommends case management begin at a blood lead level of 5 μg/dL, yet Indiana does not take action until a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL. Low levels of lead can cause irreversible neurological damage in children. The goal of this study was to design a scalable, low-cost Home Lead Test Kit to proactively find lead in homes.  Methods: Individuals were recruited through community partnerships, community lead testing events, and flyers. Qualitative data was recorded during home visits as participants used the kit. An x-ray fluorescence analyzer was used in the field and laboratory to analyze lead levels of samples. Results were blinded during the analysis.  Results: To date, 40 homes have been recruited, and 20 have been completed. The average completion time of the kit was 23.45 minutes.  Of the 8 pre-1950 homes 100% had elevated lead results, of the 7 1950-1978 homes 43% had elevated lead results, and of the 5 post 1978 homes 0% had elevated lead results.   Conclusion and Potential Impact: The study is ongoing. Preliminary results support the hypothesis that pre-1950 homes have a high risk of lead exposure, and post 1978 homes have minimal to no levels of lead. Feedback from study participants regarding kit usability has been positive. Future plans are to produce a kit to be scaled up in St. Joseph County with the goal of a statewide model. This kit may allow citizens to identify lead hazards to prevent children from lead exposure. 

scholarly journals The Effects of Lead Contamination in Public Health Case: Pesarean Village, Tegal District, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 03012
Author(s):  
Indah Lestari ◽  
Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo ◽  
Haruki Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Open Dumping

Lead is one of the ten main chemicals that was found naturally in the earth's crust and has toxic effects to human health. Direct contamination due to the re-suspension of dust containing lead from soil can be inhaled by certain environmental conditions, for example in dry season and enter human body directly. The aim of this study was analyzing the effect of lead contamination toward human health in Pasarean Village.The research was conducted in Pesarean Village, Tegal District where metal smelting and used lead acid battery smelting had been done in more than 10 years ago and left the waste aside as an open dumping waste. The method that was used in this study were qualitative method using questionnaire and reviewing secondary data which was supported with literature reviews. The result showed that almost 80% of people has acute and chronic symptoms of lead poisoning and it showed that lead contained in blood was high or exceeding the blood lead level standard in human.

scholarly journals Level of lead contamination in the blood of Bali cattle associated with their age and geographical location

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Ketut Berata ◽  
Ni Nyoman Werdi Susari ◽  
I Wayan Sudira ◽  
Kadek Karang Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Polluted Environment ◽  
Aas Method ◽  
Bali Cattle

Abstract. Berata IK, Susari NNW, Sudira IW, Agustina KK. 2021. Level of lead contamination in the blood of Bali cattle associated with their age and geographical location. Biodiversitas 22: 23-29. Lead contamination is increasingly common and endangers human as well as animal health. Cattle, which is a source of protein for humans, are very sensitive to lead exposure in a polluted environment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of lead contamination in the blood of Bali cattle related to their geographical location and age. A total of 300 cattle was drawn as the research sample, consisting of 150 each from the low and the highland. Each comprises of 50 young (<2 years old), 50 at puberty (2-3 years old), and 50 old cattle (>3 years old). The blood sample was taken from their jugular vein and collected in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as anticoagulants. The lead content was measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The results showed average data for the lowlands, which include 0.430 ± 0.411 ppm, 0.792 ± 0.356 ppm, and 1.234 ± 0.533 ppm for young, puberty, and old, respectively. The highlands include 0.047 ± 0.074 ppm, 0.057 ± 0.061 ppm, and 0.089 ± 0.169 ppm for young, puberty, and old, respectively. Furthermore, the ANOVA showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) lead level in the blood of lowlands cattle than the highlands. We also found that in the lowlands, the lead level increased significantly (P<0.05) with the cattle's age, while the highlands show no difference. Based on the results, it is concluded that cattle in the lowlands are more exposed to lead than cattle in the highlands. Also, the increase in the blood lead level associated with age occurs only in cattle of the lowlands.

scholarly journals Effect of Exterior Home Renovation on Community Lead Hazards: A Pilot Study in South Bend, Indiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Moon ◽  
Meghanne Tighe ◽  
Joshua Brooks ◽  
J. Mike Coman ◽  
Heidi Beidinger-Burnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Level ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Lead Paint ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
South Bend ◽  
Lead Hazards

Communities across the US face challenges from legacy lead contamination. In South Bend, Indiana, over 68,000 homes were built before 1978, and most contain leaded paint. When these homes are repainted, repaired, or renovated, failure to use lead-safe practices can contaminate the surrounding soil with lead paint flakes and dust. In this study, we used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to measure soil lead levels surrounding a home with exterior leaded paint (about 10% Pb w/w) after it was repainted in fall of 2019. The painted wooden exterior was prepared for painting by dry scraping without the use of tarps or plastic barriers. A total of 220 soil samples were collected from the home and its immediate neighbors, and an additional 102 samples were collected from 34 homes in the same neighborhood. The median lead level in dripline soil samples across the neighborhood was 434 ppm, but in the recently repainted house, the median soil lead was 1808.9 ppm, and it was 1,346.4 ppm in the four neighboring homes. The repainted house and its four neighbors were mulched by covering all bare soil to a 4-6 inch depth with chipped wood mulch. Two months later, another 100 soil samples were collected and analyzed. The surface lead level around the target house dropped to 13.8 ppm, showing that mulching is an effective strategy for interim control of high soil lead levels.

scholarly journals Do the Same Houses Poison Many Children? An Investigation of Lead Poisoning in Rochester, New York, 1993–2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Smith Korfmacher ◽  
Kate Kuholski
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Prior Record ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lead Hazards

Objectives. In several cities, researchers have found that a discrete number of properties owned by a small number of owners house multiple lead poisoned children over time. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a small number of properties were implicated in the poisoning of multiple children in Rochester, New York, between 1993 and 2004. Methods. We analyzed the patterns of ownership and repeated positive environmental investigations (i.e., documented lead hazards) in homes of lead poisoned children using county health department data during a 12-year period. Results. A small percentage (14.8%) of properties in which the health department found a lead hazard had previously documented lead hazards. When a second positive investigation occurred, the average elapsed time between investigations was a little less than three years. Only four property owners owned more than two properties that had multiple positive investigations. Conclusions. In some cities, a small number of properties or property owners provide housing for a large percentage of lead poisoned children. However, this situation is not universal. In Rochester, a relatively small percentage of homes that housed a child with an elevated blood lead level have a history of housing lead poisoned children. In cities like Rochester, lead hazard reduction resources should focus on high-risk housing stock determined by factors such as age, value, and condition, rather than on those with a prior record of housing lead poisoned children.

scholarly journals A CASE REPORT ON CHRONIC LEAD POISONING FROM OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dhivya K ◽  
Nazma M ◽  
Divya Sree P ◽  
Lakshmi Prasanna S
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Chelation Therapy ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
The World ◽  
Education And Awareness ◽  
Lead Hazards ◽  
Upper Abdomen

The hazard to public health from lead continues to be a matter of concern. It is one of the most serious environmental poisons among the toxic heavy metals all over the world. Lead poisoning is seen in all age groups, especially in adults working in lead-based industries. We report the case of a 28-year-old man working in an unorganized lead-based manufacturing unit admitted with the complaints of giddiness, excessive tiredness, pain in the upper abdomen, decreased appetite, excessive body pains, increased sweating, and oliguria. Investigations carried out during the admission showed hemoglobin levels of 8.5 g/dl and blood lead level (BLL) of 115 μg/dl. The patient was subjected to chelation therapy. After repeated course of chelation therapy, he has shown the signs of improvement. The paucity of a safe workplace and awareness among workers results in high BLLs. Therefore, education and awareness related to lead hazards is considered necessary.

Contribution of house dust contamination towards lead exposure among children in Karachi, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
Akihiko Ikegami ◽  
Mayumi Ohtsu ◽  
Ambreen Sahito ◽  
Adeel Ahmed Khan ◽  
Zafar Fatmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
House Dust ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Tolerable Weekly Intake ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Intake

AbstractLead exposure is associated with impaired neurodevelopment among children. House dust is recognized as one of the important secondary sources of lead exposure in children. We assessed the relationship between lead contamination in house dust and blood lead level in Pakistani children. We investigated lead contamination in house dust samples collected from 59 houses in Karachi, Pakistan. The lead content of house dust in Pakistan was relatively higher than that reported in previous studies. Weekly lead intakes from house dust were considerably higher among Pakistani children. In Pakistani children, 12% (7 of 58) showed lead intake values greater than the previous Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of lead. A correlation (Pearson’s correlation = 0.37) was found between weekly lead intake from house dust and blood lead level in Pakistani children. In addition, blood lead levels were significantly higher in children with high lead intakes than in children with low and medium lead intakes. Thus, house dust is an important source of lead exposure in Pakistani children.

scholarly journals Blood Lead Levels and Associated Sociodemographic Factors among Children Aged 3 to 14 Years Living near Zinc and Lead Mines in Two Provinces in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Thi Giang Hoang ◽  
Quang Phuc Tran ◽  
Van Tung Lo ◽  
Ngoc Hai Doan ◽  
Thu Ha Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional

Lead poisoning in children is a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 403 children aged from 3 to 14 years living nearly zinc–lead mining areas in two provinces in Vietnam (Bac Kan and Thai Nguyen) from 06/2016 to 10/2016 to identify risk factors for lead contamination. Results. The proportion of children with blood   lead   levels   BLLs ≥ 10  μg/dL was 80.51% in Bac Kan and 50% in Thai Nguyen; the mean blood lead level for children was 14.41 ± 9.42  μg/dL. In linear regression analyses, the body mass index was negatively associated with elevated BLLs with r = − 0.404 , p < 0.05 (95% CI: -0.801, -0.006). In multivariable regression analysis, several risk factors were associated with lead contamination including male sex ( aOR = 2.44 , 95% CI: 1.13-5.24, p = 0.02 ), play areas in Bac Kan ( aOR = 2.3 (1.02-5.17), p = 0.04 ), proximity of children’s home of less than 2 kilometers from the mine ( aOR = 2.90 (1.54-5.44), p = 0.001 ), and inattentive symptoms in Thai Nguyen ( aOR = 7.85 , 95% CI 3.49-17.69, p = 0.001 ). Environmental factors, including lead concentrations in the soil and ambient air samples in both locations, are many times higher than Vietnamese standards.

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