Social Expenditure: Reference series (Edition 2017)

We study the effect of revenue decentralization (RD) and expenditure decentralization (ED) on sub-national growth in India from 1981–1982 to 2015–2016 for 14 large (non-special-category) states. Our study provides evidence that both RD and ED play a defining role in India’s sub-national growth in this three-and-a-half-decade period. We use a panel data model with fixed effects (FE) and Driscoll and Kraay standard errors that control for heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and cross-sectional dependence. To test for causality between growth and decentralization, we use the Granger non-causality test. The regression analysis is supplemented with the distribution dynamics approach. We find that: (a) While decentralization Granger-caused economic growth, the reverse causality effect of growth on decentralization was not significant; (b) Economic growth increased significantly after liberalization; (c) Decentralization, capital expenditure and social expenditure had significant positive impacts on economic growth; and (d) States that had high levels of decentralization also had high levels of per capita income, while states that had low decentralization also exhibited low per capita income.

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J. CRAIG ANNAN: SELECTED TEXTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY (World Photographers Reference Series, Vol. 6). William Buchannan

Art Documentation Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America ◽

10.1086/adx.14.1.27948716 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 34-35

Author(s):

Carrie Marsh

Keyword(s):

Reference Series

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Heterogeneity of government social spending in European Union countries

Future Business Journal ◽

10.1186/s43093-021-00084-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anna Magdalena Korzeniowska

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Social Factors ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Social Spending ◽

Clustering Methods ◽

Social Expenditure ◽

Homogeneous Groups ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Eu Member States ◽

More Care

AbstractSocial expenditure plays an important role in European Union (EU) countries. It improves the lives of citizens whose welfare is endangered due to poverty or illness. However, social expenditure represents a considerable share of the budgets of EU member states. Despite evident similarities in their levels of development, EU countries show apparent differences in social expenditure levels. Therefore, this work aims to determine the similarities and differences between EU countries in this regard. The analysis uses clustering methods, such as hierarchical cluster analysis and the k-means, to divide countries into homogeneous groups. The research demonstrates significant differences between EU countries in the years 2008–2018, which resulted in a low number of objects (countries) in the identified groups. In the case of 6 out of 28 countries, it was not possible to assign them to any group. The research proves that EU countries should take more care when organising their social policy, taking into consideration cultural and social factors.

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