A Semi-Aggregate Model for Social Expenditure Projections

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Marco Ferraresi ◽  
Chiara Monticone
Keyword(s):  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Aggregate Model

scholarly journals Decentralization and Its Impact on Growth in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-151
Author(s):  
Fernanda Andrade de Xavier ◽  
Aparna P. Lolayekar ◽  
Pranab Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
National Growth

We study the effect of revenue decentralization (RD) and expenditure decentralization (ED) on sub-national growth in India from 1981–1982 to 2015–2016 for 14 large (non-special-category) states. Our study provides evidence that both RD and ED play a defining role in India’s sub-national growth in this three-and-a-half-decade period. We use a panel data model with fixed effects (FE) and Driscoll and Kraay standard errors that control for heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and cross-sectional dependence. To test for causality between growth and decentralization, we use the Granger non-causality test. The regression analysis is supplemented with the distribution dynamics approach. We find that: (a) While decentralization Granger-caused economic growth, the reverse causality effect of growth on decentralization was not significant; (b) Economic growth increased significantly after liberalization; (c) Decentralization, capital expenditure and social expenditure had significant positive impacts on economic growth; and (d) States that had high levels of decentralization also had high levels of per capita income, while states that had low decentralization also exhibited low per capita income.

scholarly journals Discrete Element Simulation Analysis of Biaxial Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Large-Size Recycled Aggregate

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7498
Author(s):  
Tan Li ◽  
Jianzhuang Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Aggregate Model ◽  
Large Size

Concrete made with large-size recycled aggregates is a new kind of recycled concrete, where the size of the recycled aggregate used is 25–80 mm, which is generally three times that of conventional aggregate. Thus, its composition and mechanical properties are different from that of conventional recycled concrete and can be applied in large-volume structures. In this study, recycled aggregate generated in two stages with randomly distributed gravels and mortar was used to replace the conventional recycled aggregate model, to observe the internal stress state and cracking of the large-size recycled aggregate. This paper also investigated the mechanical properties, such as the compressive strength, crack morphology, and stress–strain curve, of concrete with large-size recycled aggregates under different confining pressures and recycled aggregate incorporation ratios. Through this research, it was found that when compared with conventional concrete, under the confining pressure, the strength of large-size recycled aggregate concrete did not decrease significantly at the same stress state, moreover, the stiffness was increased. Confining pressure has a significant influence on the strength of large-size recycled aggregate cocrete.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Behavior of Abstractions in Two Urban Micro-Basins of the City of Cuenca (Ecuador), through an Aggregate Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3209
Author(s):  
Ricardo Rubio-Ramírez ◽  
Rubén Jerves-Cobo ◽  
Diego Mora-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Aggregate Model ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The City

Several cities in developing countries are challenging the permanent process of urbanization. This generates a great disturbance on the hydrological response of the urbanized area during rainfall events, which can cause floods. Among the disturbances that urbanized basins may suffer, it is found that variations in rain losses (hydrological abstractions) can be estimated by the named volumetric runoff coefficient (CVOL) methodology. In the present study, this methodology is used in an attempt to estimate the hydrological abstraction of two nearby urbanized basins, with different degrees of impermeability, located in the city of Cuenca in Ecuador. The data for that analysis were collected between April and May of 2017. The results obtained indicate that the micro-basin with the largest impervious area presents the higher initial hydrological losses, the higher rate of decrease in abstractions, and the higher stormwater runoff flows per unit area. In addition, the abstractions found in the two urban micro-basins show great sensitivity to the maximum rainfall intensity and do not relate to the antecedent soil moisture. These results demonstrate the importance of having higher pervious surfaces in urbanized areas because they lead to reduce negative impacts associated with increased stormwater runoff on impervious surfaces.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of government social spending in European Union countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Magdalena Korzeniowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
More Care

AbstractSocial expenditure plays an important role in European Union (EU) countries. It improves the lives of citizens whose welfare is endangered due to poverty or illness. However, social expenditure represents a considerable share of the budgets of EU member states. Despite evident similarities in their levels of development, EU countries show apparent differences in social expenditure levels. Therefore, this work aims to determine the similarities and differences between EU countries in this regard. The analysis uses clustering methods, such as hierarchical cluster analysis and the k-means, to divide countries into homogeneous groups. The research demonstrates significant differences between EU countries in the years 2008–2018, which resulted in a low number of objects (countries) in the identified groups. In the case of 6 out of 28 countries, it was not possible to assign them to any group. The research proves that EU countries should take more care when organising their social policy, taking into consideration cultural and social factors.

scholarly journals One Welfare State for Europe: A Costly Utopia?

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hennessy ◽  
Thierry Warin
Keyword(s):  
Social Program ◽  
Pareto Optimum ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Asymmetric Shocks ◽  
Pareto Optimum Solution ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Optimum Solution ◽  
Social Expenditures

This paper addresses the question of the social policy harmonization in the European Union. In adopting a common monetary policy, Europe is faced with structural and fiscal concerns, as national growth levels differ. Another possible factor in output shocks are the levels of various social expenditures in the member countries. OECD data on the level of social program expenditures in four EU countries will be compared to fluctuations in GDP growth to identify existing relationships. Significant relationships between independent social expenditure policy and GDP growth shocks suggest structural harmonization as an improvement if Europe is to take full advantage of the common market. However, the effects of expenditure levels may be easier to identify and predict than the dynamic effects of policy change. As the effects of future policy changes are more difficult to ascertain, harmonization may not consistently appear to be a Pareto-optimum solution to asymmetric shocks.

The Impact of Social Expenditure on Attitudes Towards Immigration in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 1089-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio M. Jaime-Castillo ◽  
Ildefonso Marqués-Perales ◽  
Javier Álvarez-Gálvez
Keyword(s):  
Social Expenditure ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Triangular Trajectory of Sustainable Development: Panel Analysis of the OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Taewook Huh ◽  
Yun Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Ecological Modernization ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Social Expenditure

This study analyzes how the three pillars of sustainable development (economic growth, social justice, and environmental protection) have influenced each other for the past twenty-six years (from 1987 to 2013). The relationship between the triangular pillar of SD can be characterized by “ecological modernization”, “eco-socialism”, and the traditional debate between growth and distribution. This paper examined the correlation analysis of the nine representative variables in the three categories, adopting the cases of twenty-six OECD countries. In particular, the panel analysis (PCSE models) was conducted to identify the seven independent determinants affecting both response (dependent) variables and environmental factors (“CO2 emissions” and “renewable electricity output”). In short, during the entire period, the findings reveal that all economic and social variables did not have a positive impact on reducing CO2 emissions. However, the variables of “employment in industry” and “social expenditure” are effected by the increase of renewable electricity output. Consequently, highlighting the detailed findings different for each set period (1987–2013, 1987–2002, and 2003–2013), this study suggests the implications of the analysis result in the light of the theories of ecological modernization and eco-socialism.

Preventing the Retrenchment of the Welfare State: Switzerland's Competitiveness in the World Market for Protection

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Nollert ◽  
Sebastian Schief
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
World Market ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Policy Mix ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Entrepreneur ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Welfare State

Most welfare state typologies still characterize Switzerland as a liberal welfare regime. However, recent research shows that its welfare state did not retrench but instead moved towards the conservative type. Nevertheless, higher social expenditure has not been accompanied by increases in taxation. Moreover, Switzerland managed to overcome the so-called trilemma of the service economy. After analyzing the shift of the Swiss welfare state from a liberal to a conservative welfare regime, we argue that the Swiss economic success story of the twentieth century is based on a favourable policy mix (tax system, labour market, financial sector) used to compete successfully in the world market for protection. We conclude that, as a political entrepreneur, Switzerland has the capability to receive taxes and investments from foreign individuals and enterprises, wealthy residents and high-skilled and well-paid immigrants to finance the welfare state and to overcome the trilemma of the service economy.

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