Task requirements of teachers, by tasks and responsibilities (2020)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Task Requirements

Lying and perception of lies by bilingual speakers

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (05) ◽  
pp. 1313-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Kreyßig ◽  
Agnieszka Ewa Krautz
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
English Second Language ◽  
Task Requirements

AbstractMultiple studies on bilingualism and emotions have demonstrated that a native language carries greater emotional valence than the second language. This distinction appears to have consequences for other types of behavior, including lying. As bilingual lying has not been explored extensively, the current study investigated the psychophysiological differences between German (native language) and English (second language) in the lying process as well as in the perception of lies. The skin conductance responses of 26 bilinguals were measured during reading aloud true and false statements and listening to recorded correct and wrong assertions. The analysis revealed a lie effect, that is, statistically significant differences between valid and fictitious sentences. In addition, the values in German were higher compared to those in English, in accordance with the blunted emotional response account (Caldwell-Harris & Aycicegi-Dinn, 2009). Finally, the skin conductance responses were lower in the listening condition in comparison to the reading aloud. The results, however, are treated with caution given the fact that skin conductance monitoring does not allow assigning heightened reactivity of the skin to one exclusive cause. The responses may have been equally induced by the content of the statements, which prompted positive or negative associations in the participants’ minds or by the specific task requirements.

scholarly journals When Figurative Language Goes off the Rails and under the Bus: Fluid Intelligence, Openness to Experience, and the Production of Poor Metaphors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Paul J. Silvia ◽  
Roger E. Beaty
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
Basic Task ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Dead Metaphor ◽  
Metaphor Production

The present research examined the varieties of poor metaphors to gain insight into the cognitive processes involved in generating creative ones. Drawing upon data from two published studies as well as a new sample, adults’ open-ended responses to different metaphor prompts were categorized. Poor metaphors fell into two broad clusters. Non-metaphors—responses that failed to meet the basic task requirements—consisted of “adjective slips” (describing the topic adjectivally instead of figuratively), “wayward attributes” (attributing the wrong property to the topic), and “off-topic idioms” (describing the wrong topic). Bad metaphors—real metaphors that were unanimously judged as uncreative—consisted of “exemplary exemplars” (vehicles that lacked semantic distance and thus seemed trite) and “retrieved clichés” (pulling a dead metaphor from memory). Overall, people higher in fluid intelligence (Gf) were more likely to generate a real metaphor, and their metaphor was less likely to be a bad one. People higher in Openness to Experience, in contrast, were more likely to generate real metaphors but not more or less likely to generate bad ones. Scraping the bottom of the response barrel suggests that creative metaphor production is a particularly complex form of creative thought.

A Meta-Mining Ontology Framework for Data Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
Man Tianxing ◽  
Nataly Zhukova ◽  
Alexander Vodyaho ◽  
Tin Tun Aung
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Ontology Merging ◽  
Knowledge Models ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Ontology Extraction ◽  
Merging Method ◽  
And Task

Extracting knowledge from data streams received from observed objects through data mining is required in various domains. However, there is a lack of any kind of guidance on which techniques can or should be used in which contexts. Meta mining technology can help build processes of data processing based on knowledge models taking into account the specific features of the objects. This paper proposes a meta mining ontology framework that allows selecting algorithms for solving specific data mining tasks and build suitable processes. The proposed ontology is constructed using existing ontologies and is extended with an ontology of data characteristics and task requirements. Different from the existing ontologies, the proposed ontology describes the overall data mining process, used to build data processing processes in various domains, and has low computational complexity compared to others. The authors developed an ontology merging method and a sub-ontology extraction method, which are implemented based on OWL API via extracting and integrating the relevant axioms.

scholarly journals Cross Modal Functioning and Reading Achievement

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Derevensky
Keyword(s):  
Reading Achievement ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Developmental Level ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between cross modal functioning and reading achievement was examined. A review of the literature supports the contention that sensory integration and cross modal functioning appears to be related to reading achievement. The degree of this relationship was found to be highly dependent upon the child's developmental level, sex, socio-economic background, and the task requirements. Inconsistencies in results were often a function of differences in methodology and instrumentation. The available hypotheses concerning intersensory functioning and their concomitant educational implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Putting Tasks to the Test: The Case of Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rohrbach-Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Routine Tasks ◽  
Occupational Specificity ◽  
Manual Tasks ◽  
Task Content ◽  
Job Task

The demand for skills has changed throughout recent decades, favouring high-skilled workers that perform abstract, problem-solving tasks. At the same time, research shows that occupation-specific skills are beneficial for labour market success. This article explores (1) how education, workplace characteristics and occupations shape job task requirements, (2) how within-occupation job task content relates to wages, and (3) whether these relationships vary across types of tasks due to their presumably varying degrees of occupational specificity. Using worker-level data from Germany from 2011–2012 the article shows that a large part of task content is determined by occupations, but that task requirements also differ systematically within occupations with workers’ educational levels and workplace characteristics. Moreover, differences in task usage within occupations are robust predictors of wage differences between workers. Finally, the results suggest that non-routine manual tasks have a higher occupational specificity than abstract and routine tasks, and that manually skilled workers can generate positive returns on their skills in their specific fields of activity.

scholarly journals Probabilistic rejection templates in visual working memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chetverikov ◽  
Gianluca Campana ◽  
Arni Kristjansson
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Simple Decision Rule ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
Full Probability

Our interactions with the visual world are guided by attention and visual working memory. Things that we look for and those we ignore are stored as templates that reflect our goals and the tasks at hand. The nature of such templates has been widely debated. A recent proposal is that these templates can be thought of as probabilistic representations of task-relevant features. Crucially, such probabilistic templates should accurately reflect feature probabilities in the environment. Here we ask whether observers can quickly form a correct internal model of a complex (bimodal) distribution of distractor features. We assessed observers’ representations by measuring the slowing of visual search when target features unexpectedly match a distractor template. Distractor stimuli were heterogeneous, randomly drawn on each trial from a bimodal probability distribution. Using two targets on each trial, we tested whether observers encode the full distribution, only one peak of it, or the average of the two peaks. Search was slower when the two targets corresponded to the two modes of a previous distractor distribution than when one target was at one of the modes and another between them or outside the distribution range. Furthermore, targets on the modes were reported later than targets between the modes that, in turn, were reported later than targets outside this range. This shows that observers use a correct internal model, representing both distribution modes using templates based on the full probability distribution rather than just one peak or simple summary statistics. The findings further confirm that performance in odd-one out search with repeated distractors cannot be described by a simple decision rule. Our findings indicate that probabilistic visual working memory templates guiding attention, dynamically adapt to task requirements, accurately reflecting the probabilistic nature of the input.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document