Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arben Pitarka ◽  
Kojiro Irikura ◽  
Tomotaka Iwata ◽  
Haruko Sekiguchi
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Basin Edge ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion ◽  
East West

Abstract The 17 January 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake is a typical example showing that the ground motions along basin-edge faults can be very destructive. In this study, we simulate the near-fault ground motion from this earthquake based on a kinematic fault model and a simplified 3D velocity structure of the Kobe area. The kinematic earthquake rupture and the wave propagation are modeled using a 3D finite-difference method (FDM). Our simulation identifies the basin-edge effect as an important factor that influenced the ground-motion amplification pattern in the Kobe area. We found that the coupling of the source directivity and basin-edge effects causes impulsive ground motions with extremely high amplitude at periods greater than 1 sec and in a narrow zone offset less than 1 km from the basin edge. The combination of these effects acted to create a fairly continuous band of amplification that extends about 30 km in an elongated zone parallel to the basin-edge boundary. In some areas, localized site effects might have been as important as the abovementioned effects, but they cannot explain the continuity of the extended east-west zone of damage.

Simulation and analysis of a vertically irregular building subjected to near-fault ground motions

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1485-1516
Author(s):  
Jui-Liang Lin ◽  
Wen-Hui Chen ◽  
Fu-Pei Hsiao ◽  
Yuan-Tao Weng ◽  
Wen-Cheng Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Seismic Response ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Rc Building ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion ◽  
Story Building

A shaking table test of a three-story reinforced concrete (RC) building was conducted. The tested building is vertically irregular because of the first story’s elevated height and the third story’s added RC walls. In addition to far-field ground motions, near-fault ground motions were exerted on this building. A numerical model of the three-story building was constructed. Comparing with the test results indicates that the numerical model is satisfactory for simulating the seismic response of the three-story building. This validated numerical model was then further applied to look into two issues: the effective section rigidities of RC members and the effects of near-fault ground motions. The study results show the magnitude of the possible discrepancy between the actual seismic response and the estimated seismic response, when the effective section rigidities of the RC members are treated as in common practice. An incremental dynamic analysis of the three-story RC building subjected to one far-field and one near-fault ground motion, denoted as CHY047 and TCU052, respectively, was conducted. In comparison with the far-field ground motion, the near-fault ground motion is more destructive to this building. In addition, the effect of the selected near-fault ground motion (i.e. TCU052) on the building’s collapse is clearly identified.

scholarly journals Significance of Rotating Ground Motions on Behavior of Symmetric- and Asymmetric-Plan Structures: Part II. Multi-Story Structures

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 1613-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erol Kalkan ◽  
Juan C. Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Nonlinear Response ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Apparent Velocity ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Design Values ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear

The influence of the ground motion rotation angle on engineering demand parameters (EDPs) is examined in the companion paper based on three-dimensional (3-D) computer models of single-story structures. Further validations are performed here using 3-D models of nine-story buildings that have symmetric and asymmetric layouts subjected to a suite of bi-directional near-fault records with and without apparent velocity-pulses. The linear and nonlinear response-history analyses (RHAs) are used for evaluating the use of fault-normal and fault-parallel (FN/FP) directions and maximum-direction (MD) to rotate ground motions. This study suggests that individual ground motions rotated to MD or FN/FP directions not always provide conservative EDPs in nonlinear range, but often produce larger EDPs than as-recorded motions. In practice, when a suite of ground motions is used, nonlinear RHAs should be performed by rotating them to the MD and FN/FP directions, and maximum response values should be taken from these analyses as design values.

scholarly journals Seismic Response of a Base Isolated Cable-Stayed Bridge Under Near-Fault Ground Motion Excitations

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Ahad Javanmardi ◽  
Zainab Ibrahim ◽  
Khaled Gheadi ◽  
Mohammed Jameel ◽  
Usman Hanif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Isolation System ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Cable Stayed Bridge ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion

Nowadays, development of cable-stayed bridges is increasing around the world. The mitigation of seismic forces to these bridges are obligatory to prevent damages or failure of its structural members. Herein, this paper aimed to determine the near-fault ground motion effect on an existing cablestayed bridge equipped with lead-rubber bearing. In this context, Shipshaw cable-stayed bridge is selected as the case study. The selected bridge has a span of 183.2 m composite deck and 43 m height of steel tower. 2D finite element models of the non-isolated and base isolated bridges are modelled by using SAP2000. Three different near-fault ground motions which are Tabas 1978, Cape Mendocino 1992 and Kobe 1995 were subjected to the 2D FEM models in order to determine the seismic behaviour of the bridge. The near-fault ground motions were applied to the bridge in the longitudinal direction. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed to determine the dynamic responses of the bridge. Comparison of dynamic response of nonisolated and base isolated bridge under three different near-fault ground motions were conducted. The results obtained from numerical analyses of the bridge showed that the isolation system lengthened the period of bridge and minimised deck displacement, base shear and base moment of the bridge. It is concluded that the isolation system significantly reduced the destructive effects of near-fault ground motions on the bridge.

Hybrid Simulation of Near-Fault Ground Motion for a Potential Mw 7 Earthquake in Lebanon

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 2441-2462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Fayjaloun ◽  
Mayssa Dabaghi ◽  
Cecile Cornou ◽  
Mathieu Causse ◽  
Yang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Historical Seismicity ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Hybrid Technique ◽  
Rupture Directivity ◽  
Near Fault

ABSTRACT Lebanon is a densely populated country crossed by major faults. Historical seismicity shows the potential of earthquakes with magnitudes >7, but large earthquakes have never been instrumentally recorded in Lebanon. Here, we propose a method to simulate near-fault broadband ground motions for a potential Mw 7 earthquake on the Yammouneh fault (YF)—the largest branch of the Dead Sea Transform fault that bisects Lebanon from north to south. First, we performed the first 3D tomography study of Lebanon using ambient noise correlation, which showed that Lebanon could be approximated by a 1D velocity structure for low-frequency (LF) ground-motion simulation purposes. Second, we generated suites of kinematic rupture models on the YF, accounting for heterogeneity of the rupture process, and uncertainty of the rupture velocity and hypocenter location. The radiated seismic energy was next propagated in the inferred 1D velocity model to obtain suites of LF ground motions (<1 Hz) at four hypothetical near-fault seismic stations. These LF simulations included the main features of near-fault ground motions, such as the impulsive character of ground velocity due to the rupture directivity or fling-step effects (so-called pulse-like ground motions). Third, to obtain broadband ground motions (up to 10 Hz), we proposed a hybrid technique that combined the simulated LF ground motions with high-frequency (HF) stochastic simulations, which were empirically calibrated using a worldwide database of near-fault recordings. Contrary to other hybrid approaches, in which the LF and HF motions are generally computed independently, the characteristics of stochastic HF ground motions were conditioned on those of LF ground motions (namely on the characteristics of the velocity pulse, if it existed, or on the absence of a pulse). The simulated peak ground accelerations were in agreement with the ones reported in the Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) database for similar magnitude and distances and with three NGA-West2 ground-motion prediction equations.

Identification Methods of Important Parameters for Near-Fault Pulse-Type Ground Motions

2012 ◽  
Vol 594-597 ◽  
pp. 1688-1691
Author(s):  
Ming Li ◽  
Qiao Jin ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
He Yuan ◽  
Zhe Zhe Sun
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Velocity Pulse ◽  
Identification Methods ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Pulse Type ◽  
Pulse Peak ◽  
Motion Parameters ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion

during the process of fitting or synthesizing near-fault ground motion，parameters of the equivalent velocity pulse need to be decided based on seismic records．Thus, it is a key problem that how to identify these parameters from the records．Pulse period and pulse peak velocity are important parameters in the equivalent velocity pulse models．In this study，various methods on identifying these parameters are reviewed．It is shown that all the existing methods have limitations，especially for the irregular seismic records．Finally，problems need to be further studied is pointed out.

scholarly journals Evolution law of overall damage of concrete gravity dam under near-fault ground motion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Zhai ◽  
Liaojun Zhang ◽  
Hanyun Zhang ◽  
Tianxiao Ma ◽  
Binghui Cui
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Gravity Dam ◽  
Gravity Dams ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Concrete Gravity Dams ◽  
Fling Step ◽  
Ground Motion Records ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion ◽  
Dynamic Damage

Abstract Strong earthquake cases of concrete gravity dams show that the foundation damage has an important influence on the seismic response and damage characteristics of the dam body. Compared with non-pulse ground motions, pulse-like near-fault ground motions have a wider response spectrum sensitive zone, which will cause more modes of the structure to respond, resulting in more serious damage to the structure. In order to study the real dynamic damage characteristics of concrete gravity dams under the action of near-fault ground motions, this paper takes Koyna gravity dam as the object and establishes a multi-coupling simulation model that can reasonably reflect the dynamic damage evolution process of dam concrete and foundation rock mass. A total of 12 near-fault ground motion records with three types of rupture directivity pulse, fling-step pulse and non-pulse are selected, deep research on the overall damage evolution law of concrete gravity dams. Considering the additional influence of different earthquake mechanisms, different site types and other factors on the study, the selected ground motion records are from the same seismic events (Chi-Chi), the same direction but different stations. The results show that the foundation of the concretes gravity dam often get damaged before the dam body under the action of strong earthquakes. Compared with the near-fault non-pulse ground motion, the structural damage of the gravity dam under the action of the near-fault directivity pulse ground motion is significantly increased, and causes greater damage and displacement response to the dam body. The near-fault fling-step pulse ground motion has the least impact on the dynamic response of the gravity dam structure.

Seismic Response of a Base Isolated Cable-Stayed Bridge Under Near-Fault Ground Motion Excitations

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ahad Javanmardi ◽  
Zainab Ibrahim ◽  
Khaled Gheadi ◽  
Mohammed Jameel ◽  
Usman Hanif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Isolation System ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Cable Stayed Bridge ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion

Nowadays, development of cable-stayed bridges is increasing around the world. The mitigation of seismic forces to these bridges are obligatory to prevent damages or failure of its structural members. Herein, this paper aimed to determine the near-fault ground motion effect on an existing cable-stayed bridge equipped with lead-rubber bearing. In this context, Shipshaw cable-stayed bridge is selected as the case study. The selected bridge has a span of 183.2 m composite deck and 43 m height of steel tower. 2D finite element models of the non-isolated and base isolated bridges are modelled by using SAP2000. Three different near-fault ground motions which are Tabas 1978, Cape Mendocino 1992 and Kobe 1995 were subjected to the 2D FEM models in order to determine the seismic behaviour of the bridge. The near-fault ground motions were applied to the bridge in the longitudinal direction. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed to determine the dynamic responses of the bridge. Comparison of dynamic response of non-isolated and base isolated bridge under three different near-fault ground motions were conducted. The results obtained from numerical analyses of the bridge showed that the isolation system lengthened the period of bridge and minimised deck displacement, base shear and base moment of the bridge. It is concluded that the isolation system significantly reduced the destructive effects of near-fault ground motions on the bridge.

Seismic Response of a Base Isolated Cable-Stayed Bridge Under Near-Fault Ground Motion Excitations

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHAD JAVANMARDI ◽  
ZAINAB IBRAHIM ◽  
KHALED GHEADI ◽  
MOHAMMED JAMEEL ◽  
USMAN HANIF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Isolation System ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Cable Stayed Bridge ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion

Nowadays, development of cable-stayed bridges is increasing around the world. The mitigation of seismic forces to these bridges are obligatory to prevent damages or failure of its structural members. Herein, this paper aimed to determine the near-fault ground motion effect on an existing cablestayed bridge equipped with lead-rubber bearing. In this context, Shipshaw cable-stayed bridge is selected as the case study. The selected bridge has a span of 183.2 m composite deck and 43 m height of steel tower. 2D finite element models of the non-isolated and base isolated bridges are modelled by using SAP2000. Three different near-fault ground motions which are Tabas 1978, Cape Mendocino 1992 and Kobe 1995 were subjected to the 2D FEM models in order to determine the seismic behaviour of the bridge. The near-fault ground motions were applied to the bridge in the longitudinal direction. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed to determine the dynamic responses of the bridge. Comparison of dynamic response of nonisolated and base isolated bridge under three different near-fault ground motions were conducted. The results obtained from numerical analyses of the bridge showed that the isolation system lengthened the period of bridge and minimised deck displacement, base shear and base moment of the bridge. It is concluded that the isolation system significantly reduced the destructive effects of near-fault ground motions on the bridge.

scholarly journals Variation of Near Fault Ground Motion Intensity Measures Due to Filtering

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 841-849
Author(s):  
Esengul Cavdar ◽  
Gokhan Ozdemir ◽  
Ozkan Kale
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Ground Motion Records ◽  
Near Fault Ground Motion ◽  
High Pass

Ground motions recorded at near fault zones ensures rich low frequency contents, and high velocity pulse signals which may result in large shear force and displacement demands in structural elements. During the recording of these seismic events by accelerometers, low-frequency noise may sometimes accompany the signal. Thus, extracting this noise from recorded acceleration data is a crucial step of post-processing performed prior to use of acceleration time series in structural analyses for both design or assessment purpose. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of high-pass filtering on the intensity measures of ground motions. A set of near fault ground motions that comprises both pulse-like and non-pulse like characteristics were selected and they were subjected to filtering for various cutting frequency contents. As a function of filtering, variation in several intensity measures of filtered ground motions namely, PGD, PGV, PGA, PGV/PGA and significant duration were analyzed. It is revealed that changing the cutting frequency of high pass filtering considerably changes the intensity measures of ground motion records.

Effects of Fling Step and Forward Directivity on Seismic Response of Buildings

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erol Kalkan ◽  
Sashi K. Kunnath
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Moment Frames ◽  
Steel Moment Frames ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Forward Directivity ◽  
Fling Step ◽  
Far Fault

This paper investigates the consequences of well-known characteristics of near-fault ground motions on the seismic response of steel moment frames. Additionally, idealized pulses are utilized in a separate study to gain further insight into the effects of high-amplitude pulses on structural demands. Simple input pulses were also synthesized to simulate artificial fling-step effects in ground motions originally having forward directivity. Findings from the study reveal that median maximum demands and the dispersion in the peak values were higher for near-fault records than far-fault motions. The arrival of the velocity pulse in a near-fault record causes the structure to dissipate considerable input energy in relatively few plastic cycles, whereas cumulative effects from increased cyclic demands are more pronounced in far-fault records. For pulse-type input, the maximum demand is a function of the ratio of the pulse period to the fundamental period of the structure. Records with fling effects were found to excite systems primarily in their fundamental mode while waveforms with forward directivity in the absence of fling caused higher modes to be activated. It is concluded that the acceleration and velocity spectra, when examined collectively, can be utilized to reasonably assess the damage potential of near-fault records.

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