Self-Consistent Earthquake Fault-Scaling Relations: Update and Extension to Stable Continental Strike-Slip Faults

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 2953-2965 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Strike Slip ◽  
Scaling Relations ◽  
Earthquake Fault ◽  
Self Consistent

scholarly journals Probabilistic Risk Assessment: Piping Fragility due to Earthquake Fault Mechanisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bu Seog Ju ◽  
WooYoung Jung ◽  
Myung-Hyun Noh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Earthquake Fault ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Fault Mechanism

A lifeline system, serving as an energy-supply system, is an essential component of urban infrastructure. In a hospital, for example, the piping system supplies elements essential for hospital operations, such as water and fire-suppression foam. Such nonstructural components, especially piping systems and their subcomponents, must remain operational and functional during earthquake-induced fires. But the behavior of piping systems as subjected to seismic ground motions is very complex, owing particularly to the nonlinearity affected by the existence of many connections such as T-joints and elbows. The present study carried out a probabilistic risk assessment on a hospital fire-protection piping system’s acceleration-sensitive 2-inch T-joint sprinkler components under seismic ground motions. Specifically, the system’s seismic capacity, using an experimental-test-based nonlinear finite element (FE) model, was evaluated for the probability of failure under different earthquake-fault mechanisms including normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault, and near-source ground motions. It was observed that the probabilistic failure of the T-joint of the fire-protection piping system varied significantly according to the fault mechanisms. The normal-fault mechanism led to a higher probability of system failure at locations 1 and 2. The strike-slip fault mechanism, contrastingly, affected the lowest fragility of the piping system at a higher PGA.

scholarly journals Time-average properties of z ∼ 0.6 major mergers: mergers significantly scatter high-z scaling relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (1) ◽  
pp. 876-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Puech ◽  
H Flores ◽  
M Rodrigues ◽  
F Hammer ◽  
Y B Yang
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Scaling Relations ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gravitational Perturbations ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Major Merger ◽  
Consistent Picture ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Kinematic Properties

Abstract Interpreting the scaling relations measured by recent large kinematic surveys of z ≲ 1 galaxies has remained hampered by large observational scatter. We show that the observed ISM and morpho-dynamical properties along the average z ∼ 0.6 major merger describe a very self-consistent picture in which star formation is enhanced during first passage and fusion as a result of gravitational perturbations due to the interaction, while the gas velocity dispersion is simultaneously enhanced through shocks that convert kinematic energy associated with bulk orbital motions into turbulence at small scales. Angular momentum and rotation support in the disc are partly lost during the most perturbing phases, resulting in a morphologically compact phase. The fractions of present-day E/S0 versus later type galaxies can be predicted within only a few per cent, confirming that roughly half of local discs were reformed in the past 8–9 Gyr after gas-rich major mergers. Major mergers are shown to strongly scatter scaling relations involving kinematic quantities (e.g. the Tully–Fisher or Fall relations). Selecting high-z discs relying only on V/σ turns out to be less efficient than selecting discs from multiple criteria based on their morpho-kinematic properties, which can reduce the scatter of high-z scaling relations down to the values measured in local galaxy samples.

​Slip modes and interaction in a simplified strike-slip fault system with increasing geometrical complexity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rudolf ◽  
Joscha Podlesny ◽  
Esther Heckenbach ◽  
Matthias Rosenau ◽  
Anne Glerum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strike Slip ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Scaling Relations ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Multiple Faults ◽  
Fault Surface ◽  
Magnitude Scaling ◽  
Geometrical Complexity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fault Heterogeneity

<p>The release of elastic energy along an active fault is accommodated by a wide range of slip modes. It ranges from long-term slow slip events (SSEs) and creep to short-term tremors and earthquakes. They vary not only in their characteristic duration but also in their magnitude, spatial exten<span><span>t</span></span> and slip velocities. The exact relationship is unclear, as in some regions many slip modes occur simultaneously (e.g. Tohoku-Oki) and in others certain slip modes are completely absent (e.g. Cascadia).</p><p>One of the driving factors in the generation of this large variety of slip modes is the interplay of fault heterogeneity and geometrical complexity of the fault system. We test various settings in terms of fault heterogeneity and geometrical complexity with a scaled physical model. The experimental results are then validated and benchmarked through multi-scale numerical simulations. We describe <span><span>the</span></span> system using <span><span>a</span></span> rate-and-state frictional framework and introduce on-fault heterogeneity with variable frictional properties. All properties are the same for analogue and numerical simulation as far as they can be determined or realized experimentally (a-b, v<sub>load</sub>, S<sub>hmax</sub>, S<sub>hmin</sub>, etc...). As analogue material we use segmented, decimetre sized neoprene foam blocks in multiple configurations (e.g. biaxial shear at forces <1 kN) to simulate the elastic upper crust. The contact surfaces are spray-painted with acrylic paint to generate velocity weakening characteristics in between the blocks which is similar to the frictional behaviour of natural faults. We add heterogeneity to the fault surface by varying the fault area that is velocity weakening using grease. Geometrical complexity is implemented using conjugated or parallel sets of additional faults with the same characteristics.</p><p>We are able to reliably generate frequent stick-slip events of variable size and recurrence intervals. The slip characteristics, such as slip distribution, are in good agreement with analytical solutions of fault slip in elastic media. In a geometrically simple strike-slip model the recurrence behaviour and magnitude follows straightforward scaling relations in accordance with existing studies. If geometrical complexity is added to the model we observe clustering and variable recurrence that differ from the simpler geometry. Additionally, we are going to give an outlook on the interaction behaviour of multiple faults in dependence of their geometric configuration and the generation of power-law type magnitude scaling relations.</p>

scholarly journals The XXL Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. A10 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pacaud ◽  
M. Pierre ◽  
J.-B. Melin ◽  
C. Adami ◽  
A. E. Evrard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Dark Matter ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Cosmological Parameters ◽  
Scaling Relations ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
Redshift Distribution ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Current Mass

Context. We present an estimation of cosmological parameters with clusters of galaxies. Aims. We constrain the Ωm, σ8, and w parameters from a stand-alone sample of X-ray clusters detected in the 50 deg2 XMM-XXL survey with a well-defined selection function. Methods. We analyse the redshift distribution of a sample comprising 178 high signal-to-noise ratio clusters out to a redshift of unity. The cluster sample scaling relations are determined in a self-consistent manner. Results. In a lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, the cosmology favoured by the XXL clusters compares well with results derived from the Planck Sunyaev-Zel’dovich clusters for a totally different sample (mass/redshift range, selection biases, and scaling relations). However, with this preliminary sample and current mass calibration uncertainty, we find no inconsistency with the Planck CMB cosmology. If we relax the w parameter, the Planck CMB uncertainties increase by a factor of ~10 and become comparable with those from XXL clusters. Combining the two probes allows us to put constraints on Ωm = 0.316 ± 0.060, σ8 = 0.814 ± 0.054, and w = −1.02 ± 0.20. Conclusions. This first self-consistent cosmological analysis of a sample of serendipitous XMM clusters already provides interesting insights into the constraining power of the XXL survey. Subsequent analysis will use a larger sample extending to lower confidence detections and include additional observable information, potentially improving posterior uncertainties by roughly a factor of 3.

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