Reliability and Validity of internal Rotation and External Rotation of Shoulder Joint Using Smart Phone and Goniometer

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oh young
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Reliability And Validity

scholarly journals Kinematic instrumental analysis of the shoulder and elbow joint in normal conditions and with hypermobility of the joint in the gait cycle

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Olga I. Vorontcova ◽  
Larisa A. Udochkina ◽  
Marina S. Baranec ◽  
Marina V. Grechitaeva ◽  
Ludmila A. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Joint Hypermobility ◽  
Instrumental Method ◽  
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome ◽  
Arm Swing ◽  
Common Sign ◽  
Analysis System

Background. There is evidence for violation or a complete change in the arm swing cycle during walking in a number of pathologic conditions. Aim. We assess the functional state of the shoulder and elbow joints in normal conditions and with joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) using the kinematic instrumental method of analyzing gait. Material and methods. We studied 27 adolescent girls 1215 years old with JHS and healthy subjects. A Vicon motion capture analysis system (Vicon, Oxford, Great Britain) was used to record biomechanical parameters. Results. A decrease in limb movement amplitudes was noted in the shoulder joint around the frontal and sagittal axes in patients with JHS compared to the norm. During the arm swing cycle in the normal state, the shoulder is in a state of internal rotation, whereas in the girls with JHS, the shoulder is in a state of external rotation for most of the arm swing cycle. The elbow joint in the JHS subjects showed a significant increase in flexion angle of the forearm in the swing phase of 41.5 0.90 and a decrease in this angle in the stance phase. The JHS group also showed a decrease in power of the muscles acting on the shoulder joint. Conclusions. A common sign of changes in the range of motion of the links of the upper limb in the shoulder and elbow joints in subjects with JHS was decreased amplitude of their flexion and decreased power of the joints. In the adolescents with JHS in the shoulder joint, a significant decrease in the internal rotation angles and reduction of the limb was found.

STRENGTHENING AND STABILIZATION EXERCISES IN PREVENTION OF SHOULDER INJURIES

sportlogia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Bernarda Letnar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Daily Training ◽  
Stretching Exercises

The shoulder joint is the most flexible joint in the human body which experiences high loads during certain sport activities involving overhead motion. Overhead athletes experience rapid shoulder elevation, abduction and external rotation during the movement and rapid deceleration after the movement, making them susceptible to shoulder injuries. Due to the extreme ranges of motion, overhead athletes tend to develop increased external rotation, combined with decreased range of internal rotation, emphasizing the need for balanced shoulder care program in the training process to prevent such occurrences. The aim of the research paper was to develop training regimen for injury prevention and shoulder maintenance that can be incorporated in daily training activities of the athletes in order to decrease the occurrence of injuries. Three part training program was designed consisting of specific warm up, strengthening and stabilization exercises and stretching exercises. The aim of the specific warm up was to prepare the shoulder for the training loads, mimicking the overhead movements and stimulating the stabilization in the joint. Strengthening and stabilization exercises aimed to strengthen external rotators in the shoulder and improve the stabilization of the shoulder joint by targeting specific muscles such as serratus anterior. The focus of stretching exercises was to stretch internal rotation muscles, which experience high loads in the overhead athlete's training. An effective training program that can be performed with minimal equipment and in a short time frame was designed to enable its simple incorporation into the daily training of overhead athletes.

Shoulder External Rotational Properties During Physical Examination Are Associated With Injury That Requires Surgery and Shoulder Joint Loading During Baseball Pitching

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652110398
Author(s):  
Hannah Stokes ◽  
Koco Eaton ◽  
Naiquan (Nigel) Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Joint Loading ◽  
Arm Injuries ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Shoulder Flexibility

Background: Throwing arm injuries are common because of the demand on the shoulder. The shoulder is qualitatively checked regularly by team physicians. Excessive instability and joint loading in baseball pitching are risk factors for throwing arm injuries. Knowledge of shoulder flexibility, range of motion, and joint loading may provide new insights for treatments to reduce the likelihood of injury incidence. Purpose: To investigate the relationship among injuries, shoulder external rotational properties, and shoulder joint loading in baseball pitchers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Pitching kinetics, shoulder rotational tests, and self-reported injury questionnaires were used to study 177 collegiate baseball pitchers. Pitching motion data were collected at 240 Hz using a motion capture system. A custom program calculated the shoulder joint loading. The shoulder rotational test quantitatively records shoulder range of motion and flexibility using a custom-made wireless device. Self-reported injury questionnaires were filled out during tests and yearly follow-ups. The total length of the study was 5 years. Analysis of variance, chi-square, and regression tests were performed to compare differences among groups and detect correlations with surgery and shoulder joint loadings. Results: There were significant differences in shoulder flexibility among surgery groups. Shoulder external rotational properties during physical examination were significantly associated with shoulder joint loading in baseball pitching. High shoulder external rotation was associated with 14% to 36% lower shoulder posterior force and adduction, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction torque ( P < .05). High shoulder flexibility was associated with 13% higher anterior force ( P < .05). High shoulder external rotation before external rotation torque was applied was associated with 13% to 33% lower shoulder inferior force and adduction, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction torque ( P < .05). There were no significant differences in shoulder joint loading among the surgery groups. Conclusion: Shoulder injuries that require surgery were associated with shoulder external rotation flexibility. High shoulder external rotation may be advantageous because it lowers the force and torque on the shoulder joint. Clinical Relevance: The ability to understand shoulder external rotational properties, joint loading, and injury during baseball pitching helps further our understanding of injury mechanisms. The shoulder rotational test should be used as a screening tool to identify players at risk.

Dynamics of the Shoulder and Elbow Joints of the Throwing Arm during a Baseball Pitch

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Feltner ◽  
Jesús Dapena
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Linear Transformation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Coordinate Data

Fastball pitches of eight intercollegiate varsity baseball pitchers were filmed using the direct linear transformation (DLT) method of three-dimensional cinematography. Coordinate data were obtained, and the resultant joint forces and torques at the shoulder and elbow joints were calculated. Various kinematic parameters were also calculated to help describe the motions of the shoulder and elbow joints throughout the pitch. At the instant of stride foot contact, a horizontal adduction torque was present at the shoulder joint, and the shoulder was externally rotating. After the onset of the horizontal adduction torque, abduction and internal rotation torques were also present at the shoulder joint and a varus torque was present at the elbow joint. After the instant of maximum external rotation (30 ms prior to ball release), the upper arm started to internally rotate, but it was still in a position of external rotation at the instant of release. This paper discusses the roles of the torques in producing the observed motions of the throwing arm.

scholarly journals Programa de prevención de lesiones para la mejora de la salud articular del hombro en jóvenes triatletas (Injury prevention program for the improvement of shoulder health in young triathletes)

Retos ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Manuel Jesús Cabeza-Carmona ◽  
Yaira Barranco-Ruiz ◽  
Emilio Villa-González
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Injury Prevention Program ◽  
External Test

La aparición de lesiones por sobreuso del complejo articular del hombro en la disciplina de natación en triatletas jóvenes anima a una profundización en el estudio de métodos efectivos para la prevención de dichas lesiones. Objetivo: Analizar la efectividad de un programa de intervención diseñado para la prevención de lesiones del complejo articular del hombro en la disciplina de natación en jóvenes triatletas. Métodos: 26 jóvenes (edad entre 8-17 años) fueron aleatorizados en Grupo-Intervención (GI, n=17), y Grupo-Control (GC, n=9). La salud del complejo articular del hombro se evaluó antes y después de un programa de intervención (cuatro semanas de duración: dos-sesiones/30-minutos/semana), mediante los siguientes test: 1) Test del ángulo de cabeza adelantada–Ángulo hombro adelantado, 2) Test de Rotación Glenohumeral, 3) Test de opresión durante la abducción horizontal de hombro, 4) Test Longitud del Pectoral menor. Se utilizó un análisis intra-sujeto y otro análisis inter-sujeto para analizar las diferencias significativas (p<.05) en las variables de estudio, antes y después del programa de intervención. Resultados: Tras el programa de intervención se observaron mejoras significativas en el GI comparado con el GC en las variables: ángulo de adelantamiento de la cabeza (p<.001), rotación interna del hombro dominante (p=.001), rotación externa del hombro dominante, (p=.046), rotación interna del hombro no dominante (p=0.002), abducción horizontal del hombro (p=.003), longitud del pectoral derecho (p<0.001) y longitud del pectoral izquierdo (p=.001). Conclusión: Un programa de intervención diseñado para la prevención de lesiones en el complejo articular del hombro de cuatro semanas de duración (dos-sesiones/30-minutos/semana), fue efectivo mejorando la salud articular y movilidad del hombro en jóvenes triatletas.Abstract. The onset of overuse injuries of the shoulder joint complex in the discipline of swimming in young triathletes prompts the need to deepen the study of effective methods for the prevention of such lesions. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of an intervention program designed for the prevention of injuries of the shoulder joint complex in the discipline of swimming in young triathletes. Methods: 26 youngsters (aged 8-17 years) were randomly assigned to an Intervention Group (GI, n = 17), and a Control Group (GC, n = 9). The health of the shoulder joint complex was evaluated before and after an intervention program (four weeks duration: two-sessions / 30-minutes / week), using the following tests: (1) Forward head angle test, Forward shoulder translation test, (2) Rotation Glenohumeral internal and external test, (3) Oppression during horizontal abduction of shoulder test, (4) Pectoral minor length test. An intra-subject and an inter-subject analyses were used to analyze significant differences (p <.05) in the study variables, before and after the intervention program. Results: After the intervention program, significant improvements in GI were observed compared to the CG in the variables: head advancement angle (p<.001), internal rotation of the dominant shoulder (p=.002), external rotation of the dominant shoulder (p=.046), internal rotation of the shoulder (p=.002), horizontal abduction of the shoulder (p=.003), right pectoral length (p<.001) and left pectoral length (p=.001). Conclusion: A 4-week (2-session / 30-minutes / week) intervention program designed for the prevention of shoulder injuries was effective in improving shoulder health in young triathletes.

Legal Update: North Dakota Supreme Court: Third Edition of Guides is “Most Current”

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
James J. Mangraviti
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hip Rotation ◽  
Hip Extension

Abstract The accurate measurement of hip motion is critical when one rates impairments of this joint, makes an initial diagnosis, assesses progression over time, and evaluates treatment outcome. The hip permits all motions typical of a ball-and-socket joint. The hip sacrifices some motion but gains stability and strength. Figures 52 to 54 in AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, illustrate techniques for measuring hip flexion, loss of extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Figure 53 in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, illustrates neutral, abducted, and adducted positions of the hip and proper alignment of the goniometer arms, and Figure 52 illustrates use of a goniometer to measure flexion of the right hip. In terms of impairment rating, hip extension (at least any beyond neutral) is irrelevant, and the AMA Guides contains no figures describing its measurement. Figure 54, Measuring Internal and External Hip Rotation, demonstrates proper positioning and measurement techniques for rotary movements of this joint. The difference between measured and actual hip rotation probably is minimal and is irrelevant for impairment rating. The normal internal rotation varies from 30° to 40°, and the external rotation ranges from 40° to 60°.

Força dos Músculos Rotadores do Ombro em Indivíduos Saudáveis/ Rotator Cuff Muscle Strength in Healthy Individuals

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
Paulo José Oliveira Cortez ◽  
José Elias Tomazini ◽  
Mauro Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Average Strength ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
The Right

Introdução: A diminuição da capacidade de exercer esforços por parte dos músculos rotadores pode criar uma variedade de problemas. O conhecimento preciso do nível de força muscular de um indivíduo é importante, tanto para a avaliação da capacidade funcional ocupacional, como para uma apropriada prescrição de exercícios atléticos e de reabilitação. Percebe-se escassez de informação sobre as articulações do ombro, bem como os fatores envolvidos na força muscular dessa região. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a força gerada pelos músculos do manguito rotador entre o membro superior direito e o membro superior esquerdo em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 22 sujeitos do sexo masculino, com idade de 18 e 19 anos, militares, saudáveis e sem história clínica de patologia ortopédica ou qualquer tipo de lesão no sistema musculoesquelético. Foram aplicados dois testes de força: Rotação Interna e Rotação Externa. Resultado : A força média de rotação interna no membro superior direito (MSD) foi maior que a força média de rotação interna no membro superior esquerdo (MSE) (p=0,723) e a força de rotação externa no MSD foi menor que a força média de rotação externa no MSE (p=0,788). Não houve diferença estatística na comparação dos valores de força de todos os testes de força isométrica. Conclusão: Para amostra estudada e metodologia utilizada na avaliação da força muscular, não houve diferença estatística na comparação da força gerada pelos músculos do manguito rotador do membro superior direito e do membro superior esquerdo.Rotator Cuff Muscle Strength in Healthy Individuals Introduction: Decreased ability to exert efforts by the rotator muscles can create a variety of problems. The precise knowledge of the level of muscular strength of an individual is important for both the functional capacity evaluation for occupational as an appropriate exercise prescription and rehabilitation of athletic. It is perceived scarcity of information on the shoulder joints as well as factors involved in muscle strength in this region. Objective: Develop a device for measuring the strength generated by the muscles of the upper limbs and the verification of efficiency and adaptability of this device through a comparative study of muscle strength in healthy subjects. Methods: The study included 22 male subjects, aged 18 and 19 years, military personnel, body mass between 57.7 and 93 kg (71.8 ± 9.45 kg) and height between 1.67 and 1.90 m (1.75 ± 0.06 m), healthy and without a history of orthopaedic disease or any kind of damage to the musculoskeletal system. Three strength tests were applied: Internal Rotation and External Rotation. For each type of effort three maximum voluntary contractions were required for 10 seconds, with an interval of 30 seconds between each contraction.  Results: Internal rotation in the right upper limb (RUL) was higher than the average strength of internal rotation in the left upper limb (LUL) (p = 0, 723) and the external rotation strength in RUL was lower than the average strength of external rotation in the LUL (p=0,788).  No statistical difference in comparing the strength values of all isometric strength tests. Conclusion: For sample and methodology used to assess muscle strength, there was no statistical difference in comparing the force generated by the muscles of the rotator cuff of the right and left upper limb.

Chronic Adaptations of the Posterior Rotator Cuff in Professional Pitchers

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652098868
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Thomas ◽  
Justin Cobb ◽  
Scott Sheridan ◽  
Joseph Rauch ◽  
Ryan W. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Muscle Architecture ◽  
Infraspinatus Muscle ◽  
Teres Minor

Background: Because of the large forces and high frequency of throwing, the upper extremity experiences repetitive stresses that lead to acute and chronic adaptations. While the importance of pennation angle and muscle thickness as predictors of muscle force production has been shown in other populations and other joints, there has been little research done that examines these variables in the shoulders of baseball players. Purpose: (1) To examine the chronic effect pitching has on the rotator cuff muscle architecture (pennation angle and muscle thickness) in healthy professional baseball pitchers, and (2) to examine the correlation between muscle architecture and clinical measures of strength and range of motion (ROM). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy professional pitchers were recruited during the 2019 spring training. Internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength were measured with a handheld dynamometer and IR and ER ROM were measured with an inclinometer. A diagnostic ultrasound machine was utilized to capture images of humeral retroversion, as well as the pennation angle and muscle thickness of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. ImageJ software was used to quantify the pennation angle and muscle thickness. Results: There were no significant differences between the dominant and nondominant arms for ER or IR strength. Also, no pennation angle and muscle thickness differences were found between the dominant and nondominant arms. A weak positive relationship between infraspinatus muscle thickness (superficial and total) and ER strength ( P = .016, R = 0.287 and P = .009, R = 0.316) and a moderate negative relationship between soft tissue glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and the bilateral difference of the teres minor deep pennation angle ( R = −0.477, P = .008) were observed. No other significant relationships were noted. Conclusion: Our results are contrary to current literature as we expected to see a stronger dominant arm, with a larger pennation angle and greater muscle thickness. Interestingly, we found that ER strength was positively related to only the thickness of the infraspinatus muscle, and that soft tissue GIRD was positively related to only the side-to-side adaptation of the pennation angle within the deep portion of the teres minor. This suggests that when posterior shoulder tightness occurs, specifically the architecture of the teres minor muscle is involved. However, the organization to which these players belonged has a very extensive training protocol throughout the year that emphasizes bilateral training during a large majority of the exercises. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to all professional players.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document