Dynamics of the Shoulder and Elbow Joints of the Throwing Arm during a Baseball Pitch

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Feltner ◽  
Jesús Dapena
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Linear Transformation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Coordinate Data

Fastball pitches of eight intercollegiate varsity baseball pitchers were filmed using the direct linear transformation (DLT) method of three-dimensional cinematography. Coordinate data were obtained, and the resultant joint forces and torques at the shoulder and elbow joints were calculated. Various kinematic parameters were also calculated to help describe the motions of the shoulder and elbow joints throughout the pitch. At the instant of stride foot contact, a horizontal adduction torque was present at the shoulder joint, and the shoulder was externally rotating. After the onset of the horizontal adduction torque, abduction and internal rotation torques were also present at the shoulder joint and a varus torque was present at the elbow joint. After the instant of maximum external rotation (30 ms prior to ball release), the upper arm started to internally rotate, but it was still in a position of external rotation at the instant of release. This paper discusses the roles of the torques in producing the observed motions of the throwing arm.

scholarly journals Kinematic instrumental analysis of the shoulder and elbow joint in normal conditions and with hypermobility of the joint in the gait cycle

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Olga I. Vorontcova ◽  
Larisa A. Udochkina ◽  
Marina S. Baranec ◽  
Marina V. Grechitaeva ◽  
Ludmila A. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Joint Hypermobility ◽  
Instrumental Method ◽  
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome ◽  
Arm Swing ◽  
Common Sign ◽  
Analysis System

Background. There is evidence for violation or a complete change in the arm swing cycle during walking in a number of pathologic conditions. Aim. We assess the functional state of the shoulder and elbow joints in normal conditions and with joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) using the kinematic instrumental method of analyzing gait. Material and methods. We studied 27 adolescent girls 1215 years old with JHS and healthy subjects. A Vicon motion capture analysis system (Vicon, Oxford, Great Britain) was used to record biomechanical parameters. Results. A decrease in limb movement amplitudes was noted in the shoulder joint around the frontal and sagittal axes in patients with JHS compared to the norm. During the arm swing cycle in the normal state, the shoulder is in a state of internal rotation, whereas in the girls with JHS, the shoulder is in a state of external rotation for most of the arm swing cycle. The elbow joint in the JHS subjects showed a significant increase in flexion angle of the forearm in the swing phase of 41.5 0.90 and a decrease in this angle in the stance phase. The JHS group also showed a decrease in power of the muscles acting on the shoulder joint. Conclusions. A common sign of changes in the range of motion of the links of the upper limb in the shoulder and elbow joints in subjects with JHS was decreased amplitude of their flexion and decreased power of the joints. In the adolescents with JHS in the shoulder joint, a significant decrease in the internal rotation angles and reduction of the limb was found.

Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Throwing Arm during the Penalty Throw in Water Polo

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Feltner ◽  
September T. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Ball Speed ◽  
Significant Inverse Relationship ◽  
Water Polo

The purpose was to compute the instantaneous contributions of anatomical rotations of the trunk, upper arm, forearm, and hand to ball speed and to quantify the three-dimensional angular kinematics of the trunk and throwing arm during water polo penalty throws. The largest contributors to predicted ball speed |(vB)'| at release were forearm extension and a counterclockwise twisting rotation of the trunk. Upper arm internal rotation contribution to |(vB)'| at release was highly variable and exhibited a significant inverse relationship with the upper arm horizontal adduction contribution to |(vB)'| at release (r= −.70). Subjects with large internal rotation contributions to |(vB)'| tended to have the upper arm in positions of less external rotation, but internally rotating at a faster rate, at release. Subjects with large upper arm horizontal adduction contributions to |(vB)'| exhibited a trend for faster rates of upper arm horizontal adduction and positions of increased forearm pronation at release. Findings suggest that a continuum of technique styles are used by water polo players to produce ball speed at release.

The Influence of Grip Position on Upper Limb Contributions to Racket Head Velocity in a Tennis Forehand

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Elliott ◽  
Kotaro Takahashi ◽  
Guillermo Noffal
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Linear Transformation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Individual Segment ◽  
Instantaneous Position

In tennis groundstrokes, the speed of the racket head depends on the rotational velocities of the upper limb segments and the corresponding instantaneous position of the racket. The method of holding the racket may influence these factors. Six high-performance tennis players who preferred the eastern method of holding the racket and a further 6 who preferred the western method were filmed. The displacement histories of 16 selected landmarks were calculated using the direct linear transformation approach and were used to calculate the contribution that the three-dimensional individual segment rotations for the upper limb made to racket head velocity. Horizontal flexion/abduction and internal rotation of the upper arm, in addition to linear velocity of the shoulder, were the primary contributors to racket head speed at impact, regardless of grip. Significant variations, however, were recorded for the contribution of the hand segment to racket head speed for the different grip positions.

Three-Dimensional Kinetics of the Shoulder, Elbow, and Wrist during a Penalty Throw in Water Polo

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Feltner ◽  
Grant Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Muscle Actions ◽  
Kinetics Of

The purpose of the study was to examine the resultant joint forces (RJFs) and torques (RJTs) at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist during penalty throws and determine the relationships between muscle actions and motions of the throwing arm. Subjects with an overhand (OH) throwing technique created larger maximal and average RJTs at the shoulder and elbow compared to subjects with a sweep (SW) technique (Feltner & Nelson, 1996). Prior to release, OH technique subjects decreased their abduction torque and created adduction torques at the shoulder. Adduction torques and downward vertical motion of the trunk, together with an internal rotation torque at the shoulder, resulted in large internal rotation angular velocities at release for the OH technique subjects. The SW technique subjects did not exhibit these technique characteristics. Additionally, throwing technique exhibited a moderate but positive relationship with several chest, upper arm, and forearm circumference measures. Findings suggest that muscular strength may be a causal determinant of technique style.

Three-Dimensional Interactions in a Two-Segment Kinetic Chain. Part II: Application to the Throwing Arm in Baseball Pitching

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Feltner
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Coordinate Data

Fastball pitches of eight collegiate baseball pitchers were filmed using the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method of three-dimensional (3D) cinematography. Coordinate data were obtained, and the model developed by Feltner and Dapena (1989) was used to fractionate the 3D angular acceleration of the upper arm and distal segment (the forearm, the hand, and prior to release, the baseball) of the throwing arm into terms associated with the joint torques exerted on the segments and the kinematic variables used to define the motions of the segments. The findings indicated that the extreme external rotation of the upper arm during the pitch was due mainly to the sequential actions of the horizontal adduction and abduction muscles at the shoulder. The study also found that the rapid elbow extension prior to ball release was due primarily to the counterclockwise angular velocity of the upper arm and trunk (viewed from above) that occurred during the pitch, and not to the elbow extensor muscles.

scholarly journals Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three‐dimensional motion analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phob Ganokroj ◽  
Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽  
Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽  
Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽  
Pisit Lertwanich
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Hip Rotation

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation. Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated. Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability). Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles. Trial registration Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.

scholarly journals A Kinematic Analysis of Fundamental Movement Skills

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cain C. T. Clark ◽  
Claire M. Barnes ◽  
Mark Holton ◽  
Huw D. Summers ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Movement Skills ◽  
Fundamental Movement Skills ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Fundamental movement skills are considered the basic building blocks for movement and provide the foundation for specialized and sport-specific movement skills required for participation in a variety of physical activities. However, kinematic analyses of fundamental movement has not been performed. The aims of this study were to, (1) characterise the relationship between facets of fundamental movement and, (2) characterise the relationship between overall integrated acceleration and three-dimensional kinematic variables whilst performing fundamental movement skills. Eleven participants (10±0.8y, 1.41±0.07m, 33.4±8.6kg, body mass index; 16.4±3.1 kg·m2) took part in this study, had anthropometric variables recorded and performed a series of fundamental movement tasks, whilst wearing a tri-axial accelerometer and were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Maximum shoulder external rotation (°) and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.86, p<0.001), mediolateral centre of mass range (cm) and centre of mass coefficient of variation (%) (r=0.83, p<0.001), maximum stride angle (°) in the jog and walk (r=0.74, p=0.01) and maximum sprint stride angle and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.67, p<0.02) were significantly correlated. Maximum sprint stride angle (hip: r=0.96, p<0.001, ankle: r=0.97, p<0.001) and maximum internal rotation velocity (ankle: r=0.6, p=0.05) were significantly correlated to overall integrated acceleration. Overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants (CV: 10.5), whereas three-dimensional variables varied by up to 65%. Although overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants, three-dimensional variables were much more varied. Indicating that although overall activity may be correspondent, the characteristics of a child’s movement may be highly varied.

Can the Effect of Soft Tissue Artifact Be Eliminated in Upper-Arm Internal-External Rotation?

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxin Zhang ◽  
David G. Lloyd ◽  
Amity C. Campbell ◽  
Jacqueline A. Alderson
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Movement Artifact ◽  
Sinusoidal Pattern ◽  
Soft Tissue Artifact

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of soft tissue artifact during three-dimensional motion capture and assess the effectiveness of an optimization method to reduce this effect. Four subjects were captured performing upper-arm internal-external rotation with retro-reflective marker sets attached to their upper extremities. A mechanical arm, with the same marker set attached, replicated the tasks human subjects performed. Artificial sinusoidal noise was then added to the recorded mechanical arm data to simulate soft tissue artifact. All data were processed by an optimization model. The result from both human and mechanical arm kinematic data demonstrates that soft tissue artifact can be reduced by an optimization model, although this error cannot be successfully eliminated. The soft tissue artifact from human subjects and the simulated soft tissue artifact from artificial sinusoidal noise were demonstrated to be considerably different. It was therefore concluded that the kinematic noise caused by skin movement artifact during upper-arm internal-external rotation does not follow a sinusoidal pattern and cannot be effectively eliminated by an optimization model.

scholarly journals Influence of Elbow Joint Position on Shoulder Joint External Rotation Movement: An Ultra-sound Sonography Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-734
Author(s):  
Takashi HAYATA ◽  
Ayano HAYATA ◽  
Satomi OGURA ◽  
Yuitirou MIURA ◽  
Hirohumi WATANABE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Ultra Sound ◽  
Joint Position
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