Hysteria in science and life

1901 ◽  
Vol IX (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. I. Vorotynsky
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Medical Observation

Medicine, as a science that studies a healthy and sick human organism, together with the rapidly advancing development of our knowledge in the field of natural sciences, begins to gradually expand the circle of its observations and studies. Along with this, the connection between medicine and such important branches of knowledge as criminal anthropology, sociology and psychology is becoming closer and closer and closer; Many provisions of these sciences are still based on data borrowed from the field of medical observation or obtained with the help of natural scientific methods of research.

Irrungen und Wirrungen

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-125
Author(s):  
Anne Hamker
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Experimental Aesthetics ◽  
Theoretical Claim ◽  
Retrospective View ◽  
Unexpected Findings

Die Analyse ästhetischer Phänomene mit naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden verschleiert in ihrem Resultat zuweilen die Problematik einer experimentellen Ästhetik. In der Studie zu Bill Violas Videoinstallation The Greeting konkretisiert sich exemplarisch die Diskrepanz von theoretischem Anspruch und experimenteller Wirklichkeit. Das hochgesteckte Ziel einer Aufschlüsselung der (emotional-ästhetischen) Rezeption von The Greeting folgt den Standards experimenteller/empirischer Forschung. Die entsprechende Datenlage aber bietet nicht nur bestätigende Korrelationen, sie überrascht und zugleich ernüchtert auch mit interpretativen Sackgassen und nötigt zur Revision der These. Mit geklärtem Rückblick auf das abgeschlossene Experiment und gezieltem Seitenblick auf verwandte Untersuchungen bestätigt sich der Verdacht, dass die Erprobung ästhetischer Erfahrung mit den Mitteln der Naturwissenschaft zwar aufschlussreich, aber ebenso limitiert ist.<br><br>The analysis of aesthetic phenomena using scientific methods sometimes conceals the difficulties of experimental aesthetics. In the study with Bill Viola’s videoinstallation The Greeting, the discrepancy of theoretical claim and experimental reality takes shape exemplarily. The ambitious aim of dissecting the (emotional-aesthetic) perception of The Greeting follows the standards of experimental/empirical research. The data, however, offers not only confirming correlations, but also unexpected findings and interpretive impasses that force a revision of the thesis. With a retrospective view on the completed experiment, the suspicion is confirmed that proving aesthetic experience with the means of the natural sciences is informative, but also limited.

scholarly journals HOMEOSTAZĖ KAIP EKOSISTEMOS DĖSNIS IR MORALINIS ŽMOGAUS APSISPRENDIMAS

Problemos ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Česlovas Kalenda
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Ecological Ethics ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Moral Significance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship

Straipsnyje atskleidžiami motyvai, kurie atliko svarbų vaidmenį plečiant etikos sistemą ir pagrindžiant ekologinės etikos statusą. Planetoje susidarius įtemptai ekologinei situacijai ir iškilus būtinybei imtis gamtosaugos, jau anksčiau gamtos mokslų išplėtotos sveikatos ir homeostazės sąvokos buvo A. Leopoldo ir H. Rolstono ekstrapoliuotos į ekologiją. Sąsajų tarp procesų, vykstančių žmogaus organizme ir biosferoje, išryškinimas tapo aktualiu argumentu naujai pažvelgti į žmogaus padėtį pasaulyje. Tapo aišku, kad vienoks ar kitoks žmogaus elgesys sukelia gerus ar blogus padarinius tiek aplinkai, tiek jam pačiam. Ši aplinkybė skatino žmogų suvokti atsakomybę už savo ir aplinkos gerovę. Žmogaus santykis su gamta įgavo moralinę reikšmę ir tapo etikos tyrimo objektu. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: homeostazė, ekstrapoliacija, žmogaus sveikata, biosferos sveikata, ekologinė etika.Homeostasis as a Law of Ecosystem and Man’s Moral Decision Česlovas Kalenda SummaryThe present article specifies the motives contributing to the development of the ethical system and providing the basis for the status of ecological ethics. Given the current tense ecological situation on the planet and the pressing need to develop nature protection, the notions of health and homeostasis, elaborated previously by natural sciences, were extrapolated by A. Leopold and H. Rolston to ecology. Focusing on the relationship among the processes observed in the human organism and the biosphere has become an actual argument for getting a fresh view on man’s situation in the world. It has become clear that human behaviour accounts for positive or negative outcomes both on the environmental and the personal plane. This circumstance encouraged man to realise his responsibility for his own well-being and for the prosperity of his environment. Man’s relationship with nature has acquired moral significance turning thus into a subject of ethical research. Keywords: homeostasis, extrapolation, health of a human, health of a biosphere, ecological ethics.ont-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> 

scholarly journals A Non-Naturalised Methodology for Social Sciences

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-194
Author(s):  
Omobola Olufunto Badejo
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Philosophical Argumentation ◽  
Philosophy Of Social Sciences

At the rise of the twentieth century, armed with the success of natural sciences, the school of naturalism argued that the appropriate methodology for all disciplines, including social sciences, is that of natural science. The paper argued that social sciences cannot be naturalised and has its own appropriate methodology. The paper examined the arguments for naturalism and non-naturalism of the method of philosophy of social sciences. The paper employed both primary and secondary sources of data. Data collected were subjected to critical analysis and philosophical argumentation. The results showed that the nature of social sciences is such that it cannot be subjected to only scientific methods. The paper concludes that there is a need for a methodology that understands the subject matter of social sciences to address issues in social sciences. The paper addressed some key issues in philosophy of social sciences. Keywords: Methodology, Natural sciences, Naturalism, Social sciences.

scholarly journals Relevant videnskabsteori - Fagets videnskabsteori i kuhniansk perspektiv

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esben Nedenskov Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Science Students ◽  
General Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Science Courses ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
General Philosophy Of Science

Mens der er krav om, at fagets eller fagområdets videnskabsteori skal indgå i bacheloruddannelserne på de danske universiteter, er det lagt ud til de ansvarlige for de enkelte uddannelser at fastlægge fagets konkrete indhold. På grundlag af Thomas Kuhns beskrivelse af naturvidenskaben kan man dog fremføre gode grunde til, at undervisning i almene videnskabsteoretiske begreber og spørgsmål bør være en del af faget på de naturvidenskabelige uddannelser, da de studerende ellers vil mangle det teoretiske grundlag for at reflektere kritisk over deres egne fags metoder og forstå andre fags videnskabelige tilgange. Samtidig er undervisning i almen videnskabsteori på disse uddannelser imidlertid forbundet med den udfordring, at de studerende vil have en tendens til ikke at betragte den som relevant for deres videnskabelige profession. Hvis de studerende skal opnå det videnskabsteoretiske grundlag for tværfaglig forståelse og kritisk faglig refleksion, er det derfor afgørende, at undervisningen i almen videnskabsteori sigter efter at forbinde de abstrakte, overordnede diskussioner fra videnskabsteorien med spørgsmål fra konkret videnskabelig praksis. While every bachelor education in the natural sciences at a Danish university must include a course in the philosophy of science of the subject area, it is left to those responsible for each individual bachelor education to determine the specific contents of these courses. Based on Thomas Kuhn’s description of the natural sciences, however, there are good reasons to include general philosophy of science in the curricula for all bachelor courses in the sciences. In particular, to ensure that students have the theoretical resources they need to reflect on their own scientific methods and to understand how scientific investigation is approached in other subject areas. But teaching such general philosophy of science courses to science students comes with a challenge: Many students feel that the content is not relevant to their scientific profession. Our conclusion is that for all science students to benefit from the teaching of philosophy as part of their bachelor courses, it is crucial that general philosophy of science is taught in a way which aims to connect the abstract, general discussions in the philosophy of science with questions from concrete scientific practice.

scholarly journals A Scientific Theology? A Programmatic Account of the Problems and Prospects for Confessional and Scientific Theology

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-77
Author(s):  
Benedikt Paul Göcke
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The Third ◽  
Universe Of Discourse ◽  
Do So ◽  
Religious Worldviews

There are at least three kinds of arguments against the possibility of scientific and confessional theology: The first kind of argument tries to show that there is no universe of discourse that theology could investigate as a scientific discipline. The second kind of argument is not directed against the existence of theology’s putative universe of discourse. Instead, this kind of argument tries to show that even if there is a universe of discourse theology could investigate, it fails to do so by using scientific methods. The third kind of argument tries to show that even if theology has a universe of discourse and deploys scientific methods, it is still not a scientific discipline because it conflicts with the historical and natural sciences that are supposed to be more reliable than theology. In what follows, I clarify the importance of the scientificness of confessional theology for the plausibility of religious worldviews. I analyse the arguments put forward against the possibility of scientific and confessional theology. I indicate systematic weaknesses in the arguments that the theologian should use to show that they do not stand up to scrutiny and suggest a programmatic list of tasks the theologian has to engage in to demonstrate that scientific and confessional theology is indeed possible, if not already at hand

scholarly journals Dante Alighieri Science Communicator

Substantia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Gian Italo Bischi
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Dante Alighieri ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Divine Comedy ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Narrative Framework ◽  
De Vulgari Eloquentia

This paper deals with the issue of communication and dissemination of scientific knowledge outside the circle of specialists. In particular, in the occasion of the 700th anniversary of the death of Dante Alighieri, we will focus on the program for the popularization of knowledge outlined by Dante in the Convivio and De Vulgari Eloquentia, as well as several examples taken from his Divine Comedy concerning mathematical and natural sciences. Some solutions for communicating science proposed by Dante, such as the explanations of principles and scientific methods within a narrative framework (now often called the storytelling method), in addition to dialogues between characters, anticipate methods for science communication used by several authors after him. Examples are provided to show the depth of Dante’s knowledge concerning the basic concepts and methods of mathematics, physics and natural sciences (such as chemistry, meteorology, astronomy etc.). In addition, the examples demonstrate how effectively Dante used analogies and metaphors taken from sciences within his poetry.

Science, Philosophy, and Society: Some Recent Books

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Holtzman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Science Philosophy ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Objective View ◽  
Scientific Ideas

This essay discusses a number of issues developed in several recent books on philosophical and ethical problems in the natural sciences, both pure (especially biology) and applied (especially medicine). The scaffolding of the discussion can be outlined as follows: Science is most coherently portrayed as a set of activities through which societies deal with a distinctive, but continually evolving set of interwoven practical, empirical, and conceptual problems. Consequently, approaches which attempt to delineate universal features of “scientific methods” or to depict the sciences as providing an approximation to an “objective” view of reality are much less enlightening than are analyses rooted directly in concrete scientific history and in the actual interplay of science with other social configurations. However, scientists are granted some meaningful autonomy in exercising their “curiosity” and there is a real sense in which scientific ideas and activities do possess momentum of their own. In other words, as is also true for other spheres, such as the arts, it is important not to fall into mechanical viewpoints which treat the movement of science as simply a derivative of forces generated elsewhere.

scholarly journals PERJALANAN SINGKAT PERKEMBANGAN FILSAFAT ILMU

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermawan Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Statement ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Abstract: Philosophy of science is part of the philosophy that answers some questions about the nature of science. This field learn the basics of philosophy, assumptions and implications of science, which includes, among others, natural sciences and social sciences. Here, the philosophy of science is closely related to epistemology and ontology. The philosophy of science seeks to explain issues such as: what and how a concept and can be called as a scientific statement, how the concept was born, how science can explain, predict and utilize nature through technology; how to determine the validity of an information; formulation and use of the scientific method; kinds of reasoning that can be used to obtain a conclusion; and the implications of scientific methods and models to society and to science itself. In this regard, this article will present a brief history of the development of philosophy of science to how the contribution of Islam to establish the philosophy of science. Thus it would be seen clearly similarities and differences in the aspects of epistemological, ontological, and axiological of various schools of philosophy that has developed: rationalism, empiricism, and Islam. Abstrak: Filsafat ilmu adalah bagian dari filsafat yang menjawab beberapa pertanyaan mengenai hakikat ilmu. Bidang ini mempelajari dasar-dasar filsafat, asumsi dan implikasi dari ilmu, yang termasuk di dalamnya antara lain ilmu alam dan ilmu sosial. Di sini, filsafat ilmu sangat berkaitan erat dengan epistemologi dan ontologi. Filsafat ilmu berusaha untuk dapat menjelaskan masalah-masalah seperti: apa dan bagaimana suatu konsep dan pernyataan dapat disebut sebagai ilmiah, bagaimana konsep tersebut dilahirkan, bagaimana ilmu dapat menjelaskan, memperkirakan serta memanfaatkan alam melalui teknologi; cara menentukan validitas dari sebuah informasi; formulasi dan penggunaan metode ilmiah; macam-macam penalaran yang dapat digunakan untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan; serta implikasi metode dan model ilmiah terhadap masyarakat dan terhadap ilmu pengetahuan itu sendiri. Berkaitan dengan ini, artikel ini akan memaparkan sejarah singkat perkembangan filsafat ilmu hingga bagaimana kontribusi Islam dalam membangun filsafat ilmu tersebut. Dengan demikian akan terlihat dengan jelas kesamaan dan perbedaan aspek-aspek epistemologis, ontologis, dan aksiologis dari berbagai macam aliran filsafat yang sudah berkembang: rasionalisme, empirisme, dan Islam. Keywords: filsafat ilmu, rasionalisme, empirisme, al-Quran.

scholarly journals Sociology as a project of modernity

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-35
Author(s):  
S. A. Barkov
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Current State ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
Modern Era

Sociology is an unusual science. Many authors call its current state “paradoxical”, other authors speak about the crisis of this science. The article presents sociology as a project of the modern era. This interpretation can explain many of the contradictions and eclectic results of its development.Sociology as a project initiated by O. Comte was to combine social philosophy and empiricism. The latter was represented by socio-economic statistics and surveys, which were carried out in accordance with common sense by representatives of the state and other people. The project was aimed to create from these elements, different in nature, an integral science, built on the principles of natural sciences,i.e. representing a single hierarchy — from the most general ideas to concrete calculations.This project failed. The article discusses the reasons for this situation and different results of the project.The results of the sociological project can be conditionally divided into five groups: 1) “small” particular laws that say little about society as a whole; 2) specific methods of empirical research that yield accurate results in the fields of politics, marketing, human resource management, etc.; 3) the results achieved by deterministic theories; 4) sociological antinomies; 5)“negative results, which are also results” and lead to the comprehension of the fact, that there are some areas of social reality, to which scientific methods are radically inapplicable. Despite the fact that the goal of the project turned out to be unattainable, these results must be treated with reverence, because they are the work of outstanding scientists who called themselves sociologists, and some of them are really able to improve people’s lives. Today sociology is losing its monopoly on the production of useful knowledge about society, and its structure is beginning to be something like an exhibition of ideas in social philosophy and achievements in empirical studies of society.

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